法医学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (6): 517-530.DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2026.460103

• 特邀综述 •    下一篇

法医病理学的创新发展及前景展望

刘宁国()   

  1. 司法鉴定科学研究院 上海市法医学重点实验室 司法部司法鉴定重点实验室 上海市司法鉴定专业技术服务平台,上海 200063
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-15 发布日期:2026-02-27 出版日期:2025-12-25
  • 作者简介:刘宁国(1970—),男,研究员,主任法医师,主要从事法医病理学研究;E-mail:liung@ssfjd.cn
  • 基金资助:
    中央级公益性科研院所资助项目(GY2025T-2);中央级公益性科研院所资助项目(GY2024D-1);上海市法医学重点实验室资助项目(21DZ2270800)

Innovative Development and Future Prospects in Forensic Pathology

Ning-guo LIU()   

  1. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
  • Received:2025-09-15 Online:2026-02-27 Published:2025-12-25

摘要:

法医病理学作为一门历史悠久的学科,以尸体检验为基础,承担着查明死因、厘清死亡方式、还原事件真相的重要责任,致力于为司法审判提供科学、客观、可靠的证据支撑,在打击犯罪、保障人权、化解社会矛盾中发挥着不可替代的作用。在当前新技术突飞猛进的形势下,法医病理学面临着由传统形态学诊断向多模态、精准化、智能化转型的历史性机遇与挑战。本文从技术创新驱动学科演进的角度出发,全面综述了法医病理学在微观诊断、分子标志物检测、影像学技术与生物力学智能化辅助分析等关键技术领域的发展现状,围绕死亡时间推断、水中尸体硅藻检验、过敏性休克与心源性猝死诊断、创伤性脑损伤与窒息的分子鉴识、复杂损伤的现场重建以及新型传染病的法医贡献等创新应用领域,阐述了新技术在提升死因鉴定准确性、死亡时间推断客观性和成伤机制分析科学性方面的应用价值与挑战,并从标准化体系建设、人才培养与伦理法规构建、多模态智能化学科范式形成和社会价值提升等方面展望了法医病理学在数据驱动、智能决策、多学科深度融合方面的未来前景。

关键词: 法医病理学, 虚拟解剖, 死后生物化学, 人工智能, 多模态融合, 综述

Abstract:

As a discipline with a long history, forensic pathology is tasked with determining the cause of death, clarifying the nature and manner of death, and reconstructing the truth of events based on postmortem examinations. It is dedicated to providing scientific, objective, and reliable evidentiary support for judicial proceedings, playing an irreplaceable role in combating crime, protecting human rights, and resolving social conflicts. In the context of rapid advances in new technologies, forensic pathology is facing historic opportunities and challenges as it transitions from traditional morphological diagnosis to multimodal, precision-driven, and intelligent approaches. From the perspective of technological innovation driving disciplinary evolution, this paper comprehensively reviews the current development status of forensic pathology in key technical fields, including microscopic diagnosis, molecular marker detection, imaging technologies, and intelligent biomechanical analysis. Focusing on innovative application areas such as postmortem interval (PMI) estimation, diatom testing in aquatic bodies, forensic diagnosis of anaphylactic shock and sudden cardiac death, molecular identification of traumatic brain injury and asphyxia, crime scene reconstruction of complex injuries, and contributions to emerging infectious diseases, it systematically elaborates on the application value and challenges of new technologies in improving the accuracy of cause of death determination, the objectivity of PMI estimation, and the scientific rigor of injury mechanism analysis. Furthermore, the paper prospects the future of forensic pathology in data-driven development, intelligent decision-making, and deep multidisciplinary integration, with emphasis on the construction of standardized systems, talent cultivation, ethical and legal frameworks, the formation of multimodal intelligent disciplinary paradigms, and the enhancement of societal value.

Key words: forensic pathology, virtual autopsy, postmortem biochemistry, artificial intelligence, multimodal fusion, review

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