法医学杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (4): 359-365.DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2025.550103

• 综述 • 上一篇    

高温环境中人源核酸物证的法医学应用进展

王晓彤1(), 卢子睿2, 狄君易2, 金静1(), 李斌杰3, 宋越军1, 张金专2, 李学军4   

  1. 1.中国人民警察大学侦查学院,河北 廊坊 065000
    2.中国人民警察大学研究生院,河北 廊坊 065000
    3.中国人民警察大学校医院,河北 廊坊 065000
    4.长春市消防救援支队,吉林 长春 130000
  • 收稿日期:2025-01-20 发布日期:2026-10-28 出版日期:2026-08-25
  • 通讯作者: 金静
  • 作者简介:王晓彤(1989—),女,博士,讲师,主要从事法医学研究;E-mail:wangxiaotong@cppu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    河北省高等学校科学研究项目(QN2026087);国家重点研发计划资助项目(2023YFC3304103);公安部科技计划资助项目(2023JSYJC21)

Research Progress on the Forensic Applications of Human Nucleic Acids in High‑ Temperature Environments

Xiaotong Wang1(), Zirui Lu2, Junyi Di2, Jing Jin1(), Binjie Li3, Yuejun Song1, Jinzhuan Zhang2, Xuejun Li4   

  1. 1.School of Investigation, China People’s Police University, Langfang 065000, Hebei Province, China
    2.Graduate School of China People’s Police University, Langfang 065000, Hebei Province, China
    3.University Hospital of China People’s Police University, Langfang 065000, Hebei Province, China
    4.Chang-chun Fire Rescue Detachment, Changchun 130000, China
  • Received:2025-01-20 Online:2026-10-28 Published:2026-08-25
  • Contact: Jing Jin

摘要:

DNA鉴定技术被广泛应用于法医学个体识别及亲缘关系判定等方面。然而,火场高温环境常导致DNA严重破坏,影响其证据价值。近年来研究发现,特定核酸分子基于自身独特的生物学特性,在高温降解样本中展现出显著优势。核基因组DNA中的Y染色体STR(Y-chromosome STR,Y-STR)与常染色体STR相比,部分基因座片段更短,在高温引发的DNA链随机断裂过程中,应用Y-STR可有效降低断裂位点落入核心重复区的概率,显著提高分型成功率;线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)因具有较高拷贝数及双链闭环结构,在高温条件下仍保持较高检出率;微RNA(microRNA,miRNA)虽无法用于个体识别,但凭借其稳定性在高温环境中留存率较高,为死亡时间推断提供了新型分子工具。本文系统梳理了高温环境下核基因组DNA和mtDNA的分型效率及其影响因素,总结了高温对组织miRNA表达谱的调控作用,同时,整合了核酸的热损伤机制及诱因,以期为提升火场核酸物证的证据价值提供参考。

关键词: 法医遗传学, 高温环境, 核酸降解, Y染色体STR, 线粒体DNA, 微RNA, 综述

Abstract:

DNA identification technology is widely used in forensic individual identification and kinship analysis. However, the high-temperature environment of fire scenes often causes severe DNA degradation, compromising its evidentiary value. Recent studies have found that certain nucleic acid molecules exhibit significant advantages in high-temperature degraded samples due to their unique biological characteristics. Compared with autosomal STRs, some loci of Y-chromosomal STRs (Y-STRs) have shorter amplicons. During the random breakage of DNA strands induced by high-temperature, the use of Y-STRs can effectively reduce the probability that breakpoints occur within the core repeat regions, which significantly improves the success rate of genotyping. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintains a stable detection rate even under high-temperature conditions due to its high copy number and double-stranded closed structure. Although microRNAs (miRNAs) cannot be used for individual identification, their high stability allows them to persist at relatively high levels in high-temperature environments, providing a novel molecular tool for estimating the postmortem interval. This paper systematically reviews the genotyping efficiency of nuclear genomic DNA and mtDNA under high-temperature conditions and the factors affecting their performance. It summarizes the regulatory effect of high-temperature on tissue miRNA expression profiles and integrates the mechanisms and contributing factors of heat-induced nucleic acid damage, with the aim of providing a reference for improving the evidentiary value of nucleic acid evidence recovered from fire scenes.

Key words: forensic genetics, high-temperature environment, nucleic acid degradation, Y-chromosomal STR (Y-STR), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), microRNA (miRNA), review

中图分类号: