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Progress and Application of Entomological Evidence in Forensic Science REN Li-pin, SHANG Yan-jie, GUO Ya-dong 2021, 37(3): 295-304.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.401001 Abstract ( 720 )   PDF (795KB) ( 1062 )   Entomological evidence provides entry points and clues for cases detection, in terms of estimation of the postmortem interval （PMI）, and place and cause of death. In recent years, the feasibility of entomological evidence in practice has been proved by theories and cases. It especially plays an important role in the investigation of cases with unnatural death, no monitoring, and highly corrupt cadaver. However, there are still some key issues to be further studied and standardized before the application of entomological evidence to forensic practice, to improve the effect of entomological evidence in forensic investigation and trial. This paper retrospectively reviews key studies of the application of entomological evidence in forensic science, mainly including discussion of forensic entomology inspection standard, identification studies of sarcosaprophagous insect species, collection of sarcosaprophagous insect growth and succession data under different environments and forensic entomotoxicology. With the rapid development of information technology and biotechnology, applying artificial intelligence and whole genome sequencing technology in forensic entomology has become a new research direction, which can improve the application value and range of entomological evidence in forensic science. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Species Identification of Sarcosaprophagous Flies RAN Yuan, ZHANG Xiao-yuan, LÜ Zhou 2021, 37(3): 305-317.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2021.410208 Abstract ( 308 )   PDF (1189KB) ( 685 )   Estimation of postmortem interval （PMI） has always been one of the difficult problems for forensic scientists. It is especially hard to estimate the PMI of highly decomposed corpses in the wild or in secluded houses with conventional methods. Therefore, application of insect evidence at the scene is usually required for estimation. Sarcosaprophagous flies of different species have totally different developmental rates. In actual cases, direct measurement of the body length of the larvae, calculation of accumulated temperature and succession stages without species identification, or calculation based on incorrect species identification would often lead to a large deviation between the calculated results and the real PMI. This mistake would also mislead the case investigation. Therefore, accurate species identification should be implemented before any PMI estimation of decomposed corpses with forensic entomological methods. This article reviews the general and ultramicroscopic species identification and molecular biological species identification methods of different stages of sarcosaprophagous flies, in order to provide new ideas and methods for related research and practice, and provide reference for the application and promotion of forensic entomology in the front line of public security. Related Articles | Metrics

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Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis of Chrysomyia Megacephala Pupae in Different Growing Periods WANG Qi-yan, ZHANG Hong-ling, REN Zheng, et al. 2021, 37(3): 318-324，331.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.401214 Abstract ( 207 )   PDF (3937KB) ( 635 )   Objective To study the growth regulation, environmental adaption and epigenetic regulation of Chrysomyia Megacephala pupae, in order to obtain the transcriptome data of Chrysomyia Megacephala in different growing periods, and lay the foundation for forensic application. Methods The Chrysomyia Megacephala was cultivated and after pupation, 3 pupae were collected every 24 h from pupation to emergence, and stored at -80 ℃ for later use. High-throughput sequencing was performed by Illumina Hiseq 4000 and Unigenes were obtained. The Unigenes were compared by comparison tool BLAST from NCBI in databases such as NR, STRING, SWISS-PROT （including Pfam）, GO, COG, KEGG in order to obtain the corresponding annotation information. The expression amount of Unigenes obtained by sequencing in Chrysomyia Megacephala in six different growing periods was calculated by FPKM method, and the discrepant genes were screened according to the following standards： the log2 multiple absolute value of FPKM expression amount between two different growing periods must be larger than 1 （log2|FC|>1）, and the false discovery rate must be less than 0.05. Results When the mean temperature was 25.6 ℃, Chrysomyia Megacephala emerged 6 d after they pupated. A total of 43 408 pieces of Unigenes were obtained and their mean length was 905 bp, of which 32 500, 18 720, 13 542, 9 191 and 18 720 pieces were annotated by NR, SWISS-PORT, Pfam, STRING and KEGG databases. According to the discrepant gene analysis of pupae in two different growing periods, the number of genes with variants ranged from 801 to 5 307, and the total number of discrepant genes was 45 676. Conclusion The gene expressions of the transcriptome data of Chrysomyia Megacephala pupae in different growing periods are different. The results provided a good foundation for further research on the transcriptome changes in each period of the pupae of sarcosaprophagous flies and provided the basis for exploring the genes associated with the growth of Chrysomyia Megacephala pupae. Related Articles | Metrics

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Species Identification of Sarcosaprophagous Flies Based on Vein Digital Image Analysis SHANG Yan-jie, PAN Peng-liang, LI Xiang-rong, et al. 2021, 37(3): 325-331.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.400506 Abstract ( 220 )   PDF (1999KB) ( 508 )   Objective To identify species of common sarcosaprophagous flies based on digital image analysis of veins, in order to provide new idea for fast and accurate species identification of sarcosaprophagous flies in forensic entomology. Methods Random trapping of 226 male and female sarcosaprophagous flies that comprised of 7 common species, including Sarcophaga peregrina, Parasarcophaga ruficornis, Sarcophaga dux, Seniorwhitea reciproca, Bercaea cruentata, Aldrichina grahami, and Synthesiomysia nudiseta with carrion in the field was conducted. The 17 landmarks on the right wing of each fly were digitally processed and the images were analyzed. The effects of allometry were evaluated using a permutation test. Wing shape variations among 7 sarcosaprophagous fly species and female species was analyzed using canonical variate analysis （CVA）. Additionally, cross-validation test was used to evaluate the reliability of classification. Results Among 7 sarcosaprophagous fly species and female species, the effect of allometry had statistical significance （P<0.05）. The CVA results showed that among 7 sarcosaprophagous fly species and female species, differences in the wing shape were significant, and the first two canonical variates accounted for 82.9% and 84.1% of the total variation of vein shape. Vein digital image analysis can be used to separate the 7 common sarcosaprophagous flies, with an overall species identification accuracy of 81.2%-100.0%, and with a species identification accuracy of 75.0%-100.0% to distinguish the female flies of the 7 sarcosaprophagous flies species. Conclusion Vein digital image analysis is a relatively convenient and reliable method for identification of insect species, which can be used for species identification of common sarcosaprophagous flies. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Sarcosaprophagous Insects to Estimate the Postmortem Interval in 11 Cases WANG Yu, LIAO Ming-qing, WANG Ying-hui, et al. 2021, 37(3): 332-337.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2021.410201 Abstract ( 428 )   PDF (2797KB) ( 839 )   Objective To test the feasibility and accuracy of with sarcosaprophagous insects postmortem interval （PMI） estimation with sarcosaprophagous insects and provide references for estimation practice. Methods Eleven cases confirmed by the detection results, with complete entomological evidence were selected. The insect species, estimation results and true results involved in the cases were statistically analyzed and compared. Results Thirteen species of insects were found at the criminal scene, including Chrysomya megacephala （Fabricius）, Chrysomya rufifacies （Macquart）, Chrysomya nigripes （Aubertin）, Lucilia sericata （Meigen）, Hydrotaea spinigera Stein, Muscina stabulans （Fallén）, Sarcophagid （species were not identified）, Megaselia scalaris （Loew）, Hermetia illucens （Linnaeus）, Saprinus splendens （Paykull）, Creophilus maxillosus （Linnaeus）, Dermestes maculatus （De Geer） and Necrobia ruficollis （Fabricius）. The PMI of all eleven cases was within the range of estimated PMI. The estimated results of 72.73% cases were on the same day of the true results. Conclusion Sarcosaprophagous insects can estimate the PMI simply and conveniently. In cases where the PMI is within the time range of one generation of flies or beetles, the estimation results are relatively accurate. However, the estimation is less accurate when the PMI is beyond the time range. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Chrysomya rufifacies （Diptera, Calliphoridae） to Postmortem Interval Estimation in Southwest China: A Case Report LI Xue-bo, ZHAO Feng, DING Chun-li, et al. 2021, 37(3): 338-343.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.400314 Abstract ( 245 )   PDF (3890KB) ( 580 )   Insect samples found on human corpses can provide the information important to estimating the minimum postmortem interval （PMImin）. A female cadaver, found in a deserted factory in Chongqing of China, was confirmed as a homicide case after the forensic investigation and autopsy. Determining the time of death was difficult due to the inconsistent degree of decomposition in different parts of the decedent. The insect specimens found on the cadaver were identified to be Chrysomya rufifacies （C. rufifacies, Macquart） by morphology and mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis. The PMImin was estimated to be 452 h, based on the developmental rate of C. rufifacies. The PMImin was estimated successfully to be almost precise, which provided an important entomological evidence for case investigation and suspect prosecution. In so doing, this highlights the usefulness of entomological evidence of specific species in the geographic area for PMI accurate estimation, especially in the case of advanced decomposed corpses. Related Articles | Metrics

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Parameterized Analysis of Craniocerebral Injury Caused by Fist GAO Yong, LI Zheng-dong, ZOU Dong-hua, et al. 2021, 37(3): 344-350.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2021.410107 Abstract ( 351 )   PDF (3288KB) ( 775 )   Objective Based on the theory of biomechanics, the finite element method was used to study the injury characteristics of different parts of brain hit by fist with different force and to predict the risk of craniocerebral injury, in order to provide reference for actual medical protection and forensic identification. Methods The finite element model of fist was constructed by using DICOM data modeling method and related software, and the effective mass and speed of fist were used to represent the kinetic energy of fist, and combined with human finite element model THUMS 4.02, the characteristics of craniocerebral injury caused by frontal and lateral blows were parametrically simulated. Results The probability of direct death from a blow to the head was low, but as fist power increased, so did the risk of craniocerebral injury. The characteristics of craniocerebral injury were also significantly different with the different fist hitting head locations. When the frontal area was attacked, the maximum equivalent stress of skull was 122.40 MPa, while that of brain tissue was 4.31 kPa. When the temporal area was attacked, the maximum equivalent stress of skull was 71.53 MPa, while that of brain tissue was 7.09 kPa. Conclusion The characteristics and risks of skull fracture and brain tissue injury are different when different parts of the brain are hit by fist. When the frontal area is hit, the risk of skull fracture is significantly higher than when the temporal area is hit. The risk of brain tissue injury is the opposite. The position with the highest probability of skull fracture is generally the place where the skull is directly impacted, and with the conduction of stress waves, it will spread to other parts of the skull, while the position with the highest risk of brain tissue injury is not the place where the brain is directly impacted. Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between Abdominal Wall Subcutaneous Fat Thickness and Heart Weight in Southern Chinese Population YUE Jia-cheng, WU Qiu-ping, ZHOU Nan, et al. 2021, 37(3): 351-357.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2021.410204 Abstract ( 205 )   PDF (1353KB) ( 588 )   Objective To study the correlation between the abdominal wall subcutaneous fat thickness and heart weight, so as to provide reference for prediction methods of normal range of heart weight that is suitable for autopsy in China. Methods The forensic pathology autopsy cases accepted by Center for Medicolegal Expertise of Sun Yat-sen University from 1998 to 2017 were collected. Then the exclusion criteria were determined, and according to them the total case group was selected, and the 6 disease groups and the normal group were further selected from the total case group. The rank sum test was used to compare the heart weight of the normal group and the disease groups to determine the influence of diseases on heart weight. Then the Spearman rank correlation analysis of abdominal wall subcutaneous fat thickness and heart weight in different genders and different ages in the total case group and the normal group was conducted to get the correlation coefficient （rs）. Results In the total case group, correlation between abdominal wall subcutaneous fat thickness and heart weight was shown in males of all ages （P<0.05）; while in females, the correlation had no statistical significance （P>0.05） in 15-<20 age and 50-<60 age, but was statistically significant （P<0.05） in other age groups. For the males in the normal group, rs was respectively 0.411, 0.541 and 0.683 in the 15-<40 age, the 40-<60 age, and the ≥60 age. For the females, rs was respectively 0.249 and 0.317 in the 15-<40 age and the 40-<60 age. The correlation in the ≥60 age had no statistical significance（P>0.05）. Conclusion In the general population and the normal population, abdominal wall subcutaneous fat thickness is correlated with the heart weight of males. It is of significance to include the abdominal wall subcutaneous fat thickness in the prediction of normal range of heart weight for males in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism in Zhejiang She Population Based on Next Generation Sequencing YANG Qi, ZHANG Jing-yi, ZHANG Xiao-chun, et al. 2021, 37(3): 358-365.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.501101 Abstract ( 503 )   PDF (3004KB) ( 880 )   Objective To study the genetic polymorphism of whole mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA） genomes in She population in Zhejiang and to explore the maternal genetic structure of the She population. Methods Whole mtDNA genomes of 231 unrelated individuals from She population in Zhejiang Province were sequenced. The number of mutations and population genetics parameters such as, the haplotype diversity （HD）, discrimination power （DP）, and random match probabilities （RMP） were analyzed. The mtDNA haplogroups of Zhejiang She population were classified, and the maternal genetic relationships between She and nine other Chinese populations were estimated. Results In 231 Zhejiang She samples, 8 507 mutations （702 types） were observed and the samples were classified into 94 haplogroups. The HD, DP and RMP values were 0.998 6, 0.994 2 and 0.005 8, respectively. The lowest genetic differentiation degree （Fst=0.006 89） was detected between Zhejiang She population and southern Han population. Principal component analysis （PCA） and median-joining network analysis showed that the genetic distance of Zhejiang She population with Guangxi Yao, Yunnan Dai and Southern Han populations was relatively close, but the population still had some unique genetic characteristics. Conclusion The whole mtDNA genomes are highly polymorphic in Zhejiang She population. The Zhejiang She population contains complex and diverse genetic components and has a relatively close maternal genetic relationship with Guangxi Yao, Yunnan Dai and Southern Han populations. Meanwhile, Zhejiang She population has kept its unique maternal genetic components. Related Articles | Metrics

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Geolocation Inference of Forensic Individual Origin by Soil Metagenomic Analysis LIU Wen-li, CHENG Feng, QIAN Jia-lin, et al. 2021, 37(3): 366-371，377.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.590502 Abstract ( 293 )   PDF (2176KB) ( 662 )   Objective To preliminarily discuss the feasibility of geolocation inference of forensic individual origin by soil metagenomic analysis. Methods The 33 soil samples from Heilongjiang, Qinghai and Tibet were collected, total bacterial DNA in the samples were extracted, and universal primers were used to amplify the V3 and V4 hypervariable region of bacterial 16S rDNA. The region was sequenced by high-throughput sequencing （HTS） with the MiSeq sequencer. Bioinformatics analysis such as species composition and sample comparison was performed on sequencing data. The richness index and diversity index were calculated based on operational taxonomic unit （OTU） results. Results A total of 2 720 149 sequences were generated by sequencing. Those sequences were clustered into 114 848 OTUs. The Chao1 indexes of soil microorganisms in Heilongjiang, Qinghai, and Tibet were 797.45, 745.11 and 535.98, respectively, and Shannon indexes were 6.46, 6.36 and 6.25, respectively. The number of bacterial species and the community diversity in the soil from high to low were Heilongjiang > Qinghai > Tibet. The composition of soil bacteria in three provinces at various classification levels were obtained, the dominant genuses in Heilongjiang were Chthoniobacteraceae DA101 and an unannotated genus of Thermogemmatisporaceae; the dominant genuses in Qinghai were an unannotated genus of Cytophagaceae and an unannotated genus of Nocardioidaceae; the dominant genuses in Tibet were an unannotated genus of Comamonadaceae and Verrucomicrobiaceae Luteolibacter. The results of principal co-ordinates analysis demonstrated that, according to the weighted UniFrac analysis, the three principle components represented 56.36% of the total variable, and according to the unweighted UniFrac analysis, the three principle components represented 34.81% of the total variable. The samples from the same province could be clustered together, and the species and content of soil microorganisms from different provinces were significantly different. Conclusion Based on the metagenomic analysis method, soil samples from different regions can be effectively distinguished, which has potential application value in geolocation inference of forensic individual origin in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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Calculation of the Probability Distribution of CIBS Score in Different Relationships and Its Application MA Guan-ju, LI Shu-jin 2021, 37(3): 372-377.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.500311 Abstract ( 362 )   PDF (3169KB) ( 609 )   Objective To derive the probability distribution formula of combined identity by state （CIBS） score among individuals with different relationships based on population data of autosomal multiallelic genetic markers. Methods The probabilities of different identity by state （IBS） scores occurring at a single locus between two individuals with different relationships were derived based on the principle of ITO method. Then the distribution probability formula of CIBS score between two individuals with different relationships when a certain number of genetic markers were used for relationship identification was derived based on the multinomial distribution theory. The formula was compared with the CIBS probability distribution formula based on binomial distribution theory. Results Between individuals with a certain relationship, labelled as RS, the probabilities of IBS=2, 1 and 0 occurring at a certain autosomal genetic marker x （that is, p2（RSx）, p1（RSx） and p0（RSx））, can be calculated based on the allele frequency data of that genetic marker and the probability of two individuals with the corresponding RS relationship sharing 0, 1 or 2 identity by descent （IBD） alleles （that is, φ0, φ1 and φ2）. For a genotyping system with multiple independent genetic markers, the distribution of CIBS score between pairs of individuals with relationships other than parent-child can be deducted using the averages of the 3 probabilities of all genetic markers （that is, p2（RS）, p1（RS） and p0（RS））, based on multinomial distribution theory. Conclusion The calculation of CIBS score distribution formula can be extended to all kinships and has great application value in case interpretation and system effectiveness evaluation. In most situations, the results based on binomial distribution formula are similar to those based on the formula derived in this study, thus, there is little difference between the two methods in actual work. Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of Azide Ions in Blood by Pentafluorobenzyl Derivation Followed by GC-MS LI Mao-sheng, ZHENG Shui-qing, SHENG Zhen-hai, et al. 2021, 37(3): 378-381.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.300304 Abstract ( 246 )   PDF (1279KB) ( 551 )   Objective To establish a method for determination of the azide ions in blood by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） following pentafluorobenzyl derivatization. Methods A blood sample of 0.2 mL was placed into a 10 mL glass test tube, and the internal standard sodium cyanide, derivatization reagent pentafluorobenzyl bromide and catalyst tetradecyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride were added in turn. After vortex mixing, the mixture was heated with low-power microwave for 3 min. After centrifugation, the organic phase was taken for GC-MS analysis. Results The azide ions in blood had a good linear relationship in the mass concentration range of 0.5 to 20 μg/mL. The lowest detection limit was 0.25 μg/mL and the relative recovery was 91.36%-94.58%. The method was successfully applied to a case of death from sodium azide poisoning. The mass concentration of azide ions in the blood of the dead was 11.11 μg/mL. Conclusion The method developed in this paper has strong specificity and is easy to operate, which is suitable for the rapid detection of azide ions in blood. Related Articles | Metrics

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Performance Verification of SeqType® P52 Human Ancestry Identification SNP Detection Kit WANG Ying-xi, MA Yuan, LI Fu, et al. 2021, 37(3): 382-387，395.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.500102 Abstract ( 271 )   PDF (2235KB) ( 605 )   Objective To evaluate the discrimination efficiency of the SeqType􀳏 P52 Human Ancestry Identification SNP Detection Kit based on a high-throughput sequencing platform in five Chinese ethnic groups. Methods Using the SeqType􀳏 P52 Human Ancestry Identification SNP Detection Kit based on a high-throughput sequencing platform, a total of 350 samples from Han, Tibetan, Mongolian, Uygur, and Yi populations in China were detected and population cluster analysis was performed. Results The effective sequencing depth of a single site in a single sample was ≥720×, and the average report rate was 96%. The mean values of allele frequency differences between the Tibetan, Mongolian, Uygur, Yi and Han population were 0.20, 0.05, 0.24 and 0.11, respectively. Using Structure 2.3.4 software under K=5 mode, independent ancestral component in Han, Tibetan and Uygur could be detected, which was consistent with the result observed from the principal component analysis （PCA）. For the Yi population, two thirds of them had relatively independent ancestral component close to the Tibetan population and one third were similar to the Uygur population. The Mongolian population had similar ancestral origin component with Han population. Conclusion The composite detection system with 52 screened ancestry-informative SNP sites has been established in this study, which can effectively analyze the composition and individual genetic components of populations from Han, Tibetan and Uygur. The ability to discriminate among Han, Mongolian and Yi needs to be further improved. The SeqType􀳏 P52 Human Ancestry Identification SNP Detection Kit can be used to infer the origin of an individual’s ancestors in some forensic DNA cases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application Prospects and Prospect of Metabolomics in the Identification of Sudden Cardiac Death GU Zhen, NIU Jia-jia, AN Guo-shuai, et al. 2021, 37(3): 388-395.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.491116 Abstract ( 268 )   PDF (1283KB) ( 773 )   In cases of sudden death, the prevention of sudden cardiac death and the analysis of the cause of death after sudden cardiac death have always been a difficult problem. Therefore, clinical research and forensic pathological identification of sudden cardiac death are of great significance. In recent years, metabolomics has gradually developed into a popular field of life science research. The detection of “metabolic fingerprints” of biological fluids can provide an important basis for early diagnosis of diseases and the discovery of potential biomarkers. This article reviews the current research status of sudden cardiac death and the research on metabolomics of cardiovascular diseases that is closely related to sudden cardiac death and analyzes the application prospects of metabolomics in the identification of the cause of sudden cardiac death. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Accumulated Degree Days for PMI Estimation ZHU Wei-hao, YANG Meng-zi, ZHENG Zhe, et al. 2021, 37(3): 396-401，411.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.400407 Abstract ( 489 )   PDF (1197KB) ( 933 )   Among many factors that affect postmortem interval （PMI）, temperature is undoubtedly the most important factor, but simply considering temperature in estimation of PMI has limitations. Accumulated degree days （ADD） is an important indicator related to biological growth and development, which considers two major variables, environmental temperature and elapsed time. Therefore, the establishment of mathematical model of ADD and some evaluation indicators to estimate PMI, is obviously better than single temperature variable. This article briefly describes the research history of ADD, its application in PMI estimation, and the problems it faces, to provide reference for the further development of ADD to improve the accuracy of PMI estimation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Its Application in Forensic Toxicology ZHOU Li-ying, WANG Xin, XIANG Ping 2021, 37(3): 402-411.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.300502 Abstract ( 862 )   PDF (1667KB) ( 1532 )   Mass spectrometry imaging （MSI） is a new imaging technology that can simultaneously detect and record the spatial distribution information of multiple molecules on the sample surface without labeling. The main principle of MSI is to combine mass spectrometry with imaging technology and irradiate the sample slice with ion beam or laser to ionize the molecules on its surface, obtain the mass spectrometry signal through the detector, convert the obtained data into pixel points by the imaging software, and then construct the spatial distribution image of the target compound on the tissue surface. The sample preparation for MSI include： sample collection and storage, tissue section, tissue pretreatment, selection and application of matrix. At present, this technology has been widely used in the fields of biomedicine, new drug development and proteomics, and its application in the field of forensic toxicology has also gradually attracted attention. This article reviews the principles and sample preparation process of MSI, describes the application of MSI in abused substances and metabolites of various material matrices, herbal mixtures, latent fingerprints, hair and animal and plant tissues, and discusses the prospects of the application of this technology in forensic toxicology, in order to provide ideas and references for the application of MSI technology in forensic toxicology. Related Articles | Metrics

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P/VB Staining to Determine the Contusion and Injury Time of Decomposed Connective Tissue 2021, 37(3): 412-415，422.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.400105 Abstract ( 130 )   PDF (9607KB) ( 419 )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Reflection and Prevention of Common Medical Mistakes in Obstetrics and Gynecology Department 2021, 37(3): 416-422.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.210311 Abstract ( 192 )   PDF (1027KB) ( 546 )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Medical Damage Identification of Ependymoma in the Fourth Ventricle Using Gamma Knife: A Case Report 2021, 37(3): 423-424.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.200101 Abstract ( 106 )   PDF (994KB) ( 401 )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Autopsy of Hyperleukocytic Leukemia Death: A Case Report 2021, 37(3): 425-426.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.200113 Abstract ( 256 )   PDF (2938KB) ( 583 )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Death from Hepatitis B and Lymphoma: A Case Report 2021, 37(3): 427-429.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.491202 Abstract ( 115 )   PDF (3741KB) ( 446 )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Sudden Death from Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: A Case Report 2021, 37(3): 429-431.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.490610 Abstract ( 158 )   PDF (1832KB) ( 504 )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Sudden Death Caused by Pulmonary Thromboembolism in a Schizophrenic Patient: A Case Report 2021, 37(3): 432-434.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.490914 Abstract ( 234 )   PDF (2460KB) ( 582 )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Death from Allergic Reaction to Protamine Sulfate During Mitral Valve Replacement Surgery: A Case Report 2021, 37(3): 434-436.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.490604 Abstract ( 141 )   PDF (1579KB) ( 537 )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Death Caused by Dog Bite Injury: A Case Report 2021, 37(3): 437-438.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.400203 Abstract ( 293 )   PDF (2580KB) ( 843 )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Postmortem Interval Estimation of a Body in Water with the Model of Decomposition Scoring and Accumulated Degree Days: A Case Report 2021, 37(3): 439-440.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.491112 Abstract ( 209 )   PDF (956KB) ( 546 )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Assessment of Disability Degree of Complex Tibial and Fibular Fractures after Bone Transport: A Case Report 2021, 37(3): 441-443.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.291006 Abstract ( 292 )   PDF (1131KB) ( 592 )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Forensic Identification of Rotator Cuff Injury: A Case Report 2021, 37(3): 444-445.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.291002 Abstract ( 361 )   PDF (977KB) ( 754 )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Obstructive Azoospermia Caused by Bilateral Vas Deferens Damaged during Inguinal Hernia Surgery in Childhood: A Case Report 2021, 37(3): 446-447.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.290815 Abstract ( 153 )   PDF (1470KB) ( 407 )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Forensic Identification of Pulmonary Laceration Repair after Closed Chest Injury: A Report of Two Cases 2021, 37(3): 448-450.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.291101 Abstract ( 278 )   PDF (1062KB) ( 646 )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Loss of Y Chromosome Amelogenin Y, DYS570, and DYS576 in Males: A Case Report 2021, 37(3): 450-452.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.591005 Abstract ( 162 )   PDF (2009KB) ( 501 )   Related Articles | Metrics