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Analysis of 39 Forensic Clinical Sex Identification Cases after Sex Reassignment Surgery Yu-jiao WU, Yue-qin ZHOU, Yi-wen SHEN, Jie-qing JIANG Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (4): 365-371.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.230602 Abstract （2699）   HTML    PDF（pc） （733KB）（3609）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To analyze the characteristics of forensic clinical sex identification cases after sex reassignment surgery for transsexualism, discuss the main point of forensic clinical sex identification in China based on domestic and foreign sex change policies and related cases, so as to standardize relevant identification. Methods A total of 39 cases of forensic clinical sex identification were collected from Center for Forensic Science, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University in recent years, and the ratio of sex, identification time, the location of surgery, secondary sex characteristic and other information were statistically analyzed. Results Transgender woman accounted for 97.4% of the cases, and 94.9% of the cases were operated in Thailand. All cases were identified after the sex reassignment surgery, and at least one of the secondary sex characteristics was consistent with the postoperative primary sexual characters. There were only 2 cases in which auxiliary examination was applied. Conclusion Forensic clinical sex identification should be based on the principle that the primary and secondary sex characteristics are consistent with the changed sex. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (2): 205-207.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.430318 Abstract （2288）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1222KB）（2522）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (2): 109-111.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2024.240410 Abstract （1796）   HTML    PDF（pc） （578KB）（1514）       Knowledge map    Save Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (2): 196-199.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.430410 Abstract （1589）   HTML    PDF（pc） （2042KB）（1886）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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UPLC-MS/MS Method for Detection of Etomidate and Its Metabolite Etomidate Acid Quantity in Blood Xing HAN, Xin LIU, Ming-luo DU, Ruo-lun XU, Jia-rong LI, Chao LIU, Wei-guo LIU Journal of Forensic Medicine    2023, 39 (6): 564-570.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.330901 Abstract （1571）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1097KB）（2275）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To establish a method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of etomidate and its metabolite etomidate acid in blood, and to discuss its application value in actual cases. Methods Acetonitrile precipitate protein method was used, and C18 column was selected. Gradient elution was performed with acetonitrile and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate within 6 min. Electrospray ionization source in positive ion mode was used. The internal standard etomidate acid-d5 was obtained by etomidate-d5 alkaline hydrolysis reaction. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS） was used for quantitative analysis. The methodological verification was conducted. Results Etomidate and etomidate acid in blood showed good linear relationship in the quantitative linear range （r>0.999）, with the lower limit of quantification was 2.5 ng/mL and 7.5 ng/mL, respectively. The accuracy, precision, recovery rate, and matrix effect of the method met the professional verification standards. The practical application results showed that etomidate and etomidate acid could be detected in the blood of the abusers, and their mass concentrations ranged from 17.24 to 379.93 ng/mL. Conclusion The method established in this study can simultaneously quantify etomidate and etomidate acid in blood, which is simple and convenient to operate with accuracy. It can meet the detection needs of actual cases and provide technical support for law enforcement to crack down on etomidate abuse. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (1): 86-87.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.430102 Abstract （1538）   HTML （352）    PDF（pc） （1501KB）（3303）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Process of Forensic Medicine in DNA Identification of Aged Human Remains Lu CHEN, Zhe ZHOU, Sheng-qi WANG Journal of Forensic Medicine    2023, 39 (5): 478-486.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2021.511209 Abstract （1472）   HTML    PDF（pc） （708KB）（2525）       Knowledge map    Save Skeleton and teeth are important biological samples. Due to their special structure and strong ability to resist degradation, they are ideal biological materials to retain DNA under natural condition. In many cases, such as historical figure identification, aged skeleton and teeth are usually the only biological samples. However, their DNA is in a state of trace, damage and degradation to different degrees, which requires special experimental treatment to achieve identification. This paper reviews the sample selection, DNA extraction, DNA enrichment and analysis approaches based on relevant research reports in recent years, aiming to promote the further development and improvement of the aged skeleton and teeth identification system. Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (3): 311-313.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2024.340304 Abstract （1432）   HTML    PDF（pc） （537KB）（1857）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress on Dental Age Estimation Based on MRI Technology Lei SHI, Ye XUE, Li-rong QIU, Ting LU, Fei FAN, Yu-chi ZHOU, Zhen-hua DENG Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (2): 112-117.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.231204 Abstract （1305）   HTML    PDF（pc） （687KB）（1467）       Knowledge map    Save Dental age estimation is a crucial aspect and one of the ways to accomplish forensic age estimation, and imaging technology is an important technique for dental age estimation. In recent years, some studies have preliminarily confirmed the feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） in evaluating dental development, providing a new perspective and possibility for the evaluation of dental development, suggesting that MRI is expected to be a safer and more accurate tool for dental age estimation. However, further research is essential to verify its accuracy and feasibility. This article reviews the current state, challenges and limitations of MRI in dental development and age estimation, offering reference for the research of dental age assessment based on MRI technology. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Structure Confirmation of Three New Psychoactive Substances and Qualitative Identification of Unknown Substances Zong-yang NIE, Wei HU, Ling-yu LI, Qing-bo ZHANG, Xin HUANG, Bo LI Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (4): 340-351.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.330101 Abstract （1303）   HTML    PDF（pc） （2091KB）（2058）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To establish the structural confirmation methods of three suspected new psychoactive substances （NPSs）, and explore a more general qualitative testing method. Methods Infrared absorption spectroscopy （IR）, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy （1H-NMR）, 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy （13C-NMR）, 19F-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy （19F-NMR） and other techniques were used to identify the composition and structure of 5 samples containing suspected NPS submitted by public security bureaus. Results NPSs were found in the above 5 samples, and 3 were confirmed as NPS included in the newly listed controlled substances on July 1, 2024, namely 2-（methylamino）-2-（2-methylphenyl）cyclohexan-1-one （2-MDCK）, 2-（ethylamino）-2-（2-fluorophenyl）cyclohexan-l-one （2-FXE）, 1-（3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl）-2-（dimethylamino）pentan-1-one （dipentylone）, respectively. The first two substances were phencyclidine NPS, and the third substance was synthetic cathinone NPS. Conclusion This study systematically summarizes the distinguishing features of the infrared absorption spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry of three NPSs, which can provide a reference for the qualitative identification of unknown substances. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Forensic Medicine    2023, 39 (5): 501-506.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2022.520903 Abstract （1243）   HTML    PDF（pc） （621KB）（1614）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Forensic Medicine    2023, 39 (6): 623-625.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2022.421001 Abstract （1220）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1098KB）（1652）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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In Vivo Analysis of New Psychoactive Substances： Nitazenes Guo-qing GAO, Shuo YANG, Li-ying ZHOU, Shi-bei DU, Yan SHI Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (6): 597-607.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2024.340704 Abstract （1192）   HTML    PDF（pc） （874KB）（1610）       Knowledge map    Save Nitazenes are a class of synthetic opioids that have recently emerged in the illegal drug market. They are characterized by high potency and a narrow therapeutic window. Compared with traditional opioids, these substances are more likely to cause severe respiratory depression. In recent years, the abuse of nitazenes has occurred frequently, causing hundreds of overdose deaths worldwide, and posing a serious threat to individual health and public safety. As more nitazenes continue to emerge, research on the identification of these substances has received increasing attention. This paper reviews the structural characteristics, in vivo and in vitro pharmacological characterizations and analysis methods of common nitazenes, aiming to provide a basis and reference for the study of these substances in forensic toxicology. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Forensic Medicine    2023, 39 (5): 528-530.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2022.220214 Abstract （1166）   HTML    PDF（pc） （848KB）（1431）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Dental Age Estimation in Northern Chinese Han Children and Adolescents Using Demirjian’s Method Combined with Machine Learning Algorithms Yu-xin GUO, Wen-qing BU, Yu TANG, Di WU, Hui YANG, Hao-tian MENG, Yu-cheng GUO Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (2): 135-142.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.231208 Abstract （1117）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1309KB）（1501）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To investigate the application value of combining the Demirjian’s method with machine learning algorithms for dental age estimation in northern Chinese Han children and adolescents. Methods Oral panoramic images of 10 256 Han individuals aged 5 to 24 years in northern China were collected. The development of eight permanent teeth in the left mandibular was classified into different stages using the Demirjian’s method. Various machine learning algorithms, including support vector regression （SVR）, gradient boosting regression （GBR）, linear regression （LR）, random forest regression （RFR）, and decision tree regression （DTR） were employed. Age estimation models were constructed based on total, female, and male samples respectively using these algorithms. The fitting performance of different machine learning algorithms in these three groups was evaluated. Results SVR demonstrated superior estimation efficiency among all machine learning models in both total and female samples, while GBR showed the best performance in male samples. The mean absolute error （MAE） of the optimal age estimation model was 1.246 3, 1.281 8 and 1.153 8 years in the total, female and male samples, respectively. The optimal age estimation model exhibited varying levels of accuracy across different age ranges, which provided relatively accurate age estimations in individuals under 18 years old. Conclusion The machine learning model developed in this study exhibits good age estimation efficiency in northern Chinese Han children and adolescents. However, its performance is not ideal when applied to adult population. To improve the accuracy in age estimation, the other variables can be considered. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress and Application Prospect of Facial Micro-Expression Analysis in Forensic Psychiatry Wen LI, Hao-zhe LI, Chen CHEN, Wei-xiong CAI Journal of Forensic Medicine    2023, 39 (5): 493-500.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2022.120104 Abstract （1078）   HTML （65）    PDF（pc） （694KB）（1758）       Knowledge map    Save Research on facial micro-expression analysis has been going on for decades. Micro-expression can reflect the true emotions of individuals, and it has important application value in assisting auxiliary diagnosis and disease monitoring of mental disorders. In recent years, the development of artificial intelligence and big data technology has made the automatic recognition of micro-expressions possible, which will make micro-expression analysis more convenient and more widely used. This paper reviews the development of facial micro-expression analysis and its application in forensic psychiatry, to look into further application prospects and development direction. Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Age Estimation by Machine Learning and CT-Multiplanar Reformation of Cranial Sutures in Northern Chinese Han Adults Xuan WEI, Yu-shan CHEN, Jie DING, Chang-xing SONG, Jun-jing WANG, Zhao PENG, Zhen-hua DENG, Xu YI, Fei FAN Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (2): 128-134.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.231209 Abstract （1063）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1127KB）（1340）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To establish age estimation models of northern Chinese Han adults using cranial suture images obtained by CT and multiplanar reformation （MPR）, and to explore the applicability of cranial suture closure rule in age estimation of northern Chinese Han population. Methods The head CT samples of 132 northern Chinese Han adults aged 29-80 years were retrospectively collected. Volume reconstruction （VR） and MPR were performed on the skull, and 160 cranial suture tomography images were generated for each sample. Then the MPR images of cranial sutures were scored according to the closure grading criteria, and the mean closure grades of sagittal suture, coronal sutures （both left and right） and lambdoid sutures （both left and right） were calculated respectively. Finally taking the above grades as independent variables, the linear regression model and four machine learning models for age estimation （gradient boosting regression, support vector regression, decision tree regression and Bayesian ridge regression） were established for northern Chinese Han adults age estimation. The accuracy of each model was evaluated. Results Each cranial suture closure grade was positively correlated with age and the correlation of sagittal suture was the highest. All four machine learning models had higher age estimation accuracy than linear regression model. The support vector regression model had the highest accuracy among the machine learning models with a mean absolute error of 9.542 years. Conclusion The combination of skull CT-MPR and machine learning model can be used for age estimation in northern Chinese Han adults, but it is still necessary to combine with other adult age estimation indicators in forensic practice. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of Medical Statistical and Machine Learning Methods in the Age Estimation of Living Individuals Dan-yang LI, Yu PAN, Hui-ming ZHOU, Lei WAN, Cheng-tao LI, Mao-wen WANG, Ya-hui WANG Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (2): 118-127.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.231103 Abstract （1053）   HTML    PDF（pc） （780KB）（1774）       Knowledge map    Save In the study of age estimation in living individuals, a lot of data needs to be analyzed by mathematical statistics, and reasonable medical statistical methods play an important role in data design and analysis. The selection of accurate and appropriate statistical methods is one of the key factors affecting the quality of research results. This paper reviews the principles and applicable principles of the commonly used medical statistical methods such as descriptive statistics, difference analysis, consistency test and multivariate statistical analysis, as well as machine learning methods such as shallow learning and deep learning in the age estimation research of living individuals, and summarizes the relevance and application prospects between medical statistical methods and machine learning methods. This paper aims to provide technical guidance for the age estimation research of living individuals to obtain more scientific and accurate results. Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (6): 608-611.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.230603 Abstract （1034）   HTML    PDF（pc） （607KB）（700）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Latest Research Progress on Cell-Free DNA and Prospects of Its Forensic Application Wen-jing HU, Ting-ting YANG, Ya-ya WANG, Jiang-wei YAN Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (1): 70-76.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2022.521001 Abstract （1017）   HTML （38）    PDF（pc） （662KB）（2700）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years， with the continuous progress of DNA extraction and detection technology， cell-free DNA（cfDNA）has been widely used in the life science field， and its potential application value in forensic identification is becoming more and more obvious. This paper reviews the concept， formation mechanism， and classification of cfDNA，etc.， and describes the latest research progress of cfDNA in personal identification of crime scene touch DNA samples and non-invasive prenatal paternity testing （NIPPT）. Meanwhile， this paper summarizes the potential application of cfDNA in injury inference， and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of common cfDNA analysis methods and techniques， and its application prospects， to provide a new idea for the wide application of cfDNA in the field of forensic science. Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）