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Analysis of 39 Forensic Clinical Sex Identification Cases after Sex Reassignment Surgery Yu-jiao WU, Yue-qin ZHOU, Yi-wen SHEN, Jie-qing JIANG Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (4): 365-371.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.230602 Abstract （2186）   HTML    PDF（pc） （733KB）（2774）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To analyze the characteristics of forensic clinical sex identification cases after sex reassignment surgery for transsexualism, discuss the main point of forensic clinical sex identification in China based on domestic and foreign sex change policies and related cases, so as to standardize relevant identification. Methods A total of 39 cases of forensic clinical sex identification were collected from Center for Forensic Science, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University in recent years, and the ratio of sex, identification time, the location of surgery, secondary sex characteristic and other information were statistically analyzed. Results Transgender woman accounted for 97.4% of the cases, and 94.9% of the cases were operated in Thailand. All cases were identified after the sex reassignment surgery, and at least one of the secondary sex characteristics was consistent with the postoperative primary sexual characters. There were only 2 cases in which auxiliary examination was applied. Conclusion Forensic clinical sex identification should be based on the principle that the primary and secondary sex characteristics are consistent with the changed sex. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (2): 205-207.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.430318 Abstract （2183）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1222KB）（2325）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (2): 109-111.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2024.240410 Abstract （1634）   HTML    PDF（pc） （578KB）（1264）       Knowledge map    Save Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Forensic Medicine    2023, 39 (3): 308-311.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2021.510905 Abstract （1562）   HTML    PDF（pc） （528KB）（2222）       Knowledge map    Save Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Retrospective Analysis of Death Cases of Oral Diphenidol Hydrochloride Poisoning Yu YANG, Fan-zhang LEI, Yu-you DONG, Jian-long MA, Qi-qiang SHI, Xue-song YE Journal of Forensic Medicine    2023, 39 (4): 393-398.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2022.420401 Abstract （1460）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1642KB）（1956）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To explore the characteristics of postmortem examination, chemical examination and scene investigation of deaths caused by oral diphenidol hydrochloride poisoning, and so as to provide a reference for proper settlement and prevention of such deaths. Methods The data of 22 deaths caused by oral diphenidol hydrochloride poisoning in a city from January 2018 to August 2020 were collected, including case details, scene investigations, autopsies, chemical examinations and digital evidence. Thirty-one cases of deaths caused by oral diphenidol hydrochloride poisoning reported in previous literature were also collected. Results In the 53 oral diphenidol hydrochloride poisoning death cases, 50 cases were suicide, 2 cases were accidental, while 1 case was undetermined. Fifty-two cases were found in the medical records or crime scene investigation reports with doses ranging from 775 mg to 12 500 mg, and 23 deceased were detected with postmortem blood concentrations ranging from 2.71 mg/L to 83.1 mg/L. Clinical symptoms were recorded in 6 patients, including conscious disturbance and convulsion. Among the 45 cases which were performed with external examination, 23 cases autopsied. Conclusion Most of the deceased of oral diphenidol hydrochloride poisoning were suicide. No significant correlation was found between dose and blood concentration through the retrospective analysis of cases. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (2): 196-199.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.430410 Abstract （1381）   HTML    PDF（pc） （2042KB）（1611）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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UPLC-MS/MS Method for Detection of Etomidate and Its Metabolite Etomidate Acid Quantity in Blood Xing HAN, Xin LIU, Ming-luo DU, Ruo-lun XU, Jia-rong LI, Chao LIU, Wei-guo LIU Journal of Forensic Medicine    2023, 39 (6): 564-570.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.330901 Abstract （1306）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1097KB）（2094）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To establish a method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of etomidate and its metabolite etomidate acid in blood, and to discuss its application value in actual cases. Methods Acetonitrile precipitate protein method was used, and C18 column was selected. Gradient elution was performed with acetonitrile and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate within 6 min. Electrospray ionization source in positive ion mode was used. The internal standard etomidate acid-d5 was obtained by etomidate-d5 alkaline hydrolysis reaction. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS） was used for quantitative analysis. The methodological verification was conducted. Results Etomidate and etomidate acid in blood showed good linear relationship in the quantitative linear range （r>0.999）, with the lower limit of quantification was 2.5 ng/mL and 7.5 ng/mL, respectively. The accuracy, precision, recovery rate, and matrix effect of the method met the professional verification standards. The practical application results showed that etomidate and etomidate acid could be detected in the blood of the abusers, and their mass concentrations ranged from 17.24 to 379.93 ng/mL. Conclusion The method established in this study can simultaneously quantify etomidate and etomidate acid in blood, which is simple and convenient to operate with accuracy. It can meet the detection needs of actual cases and provide technical support for law enforcement to crack down on etomidate abuse. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Process of Forensic Medicine in DNA Identification of Aged Human Remains Lu CHEN, Zhe ZHOU, Sheng-qi WANG Journal of Forensic Medicine    2023, 39 (5): 478-486.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2021.511209 Abstract （1297）   HTML    PDF（pc） （708KB）（2331）       Knowledge map    Save Skeleton and teeth are important biological samples. Due to their special structure and strong ability to resist degradation, they are ideal biological materials to retain DNA under natural condition. In many cases, such as historical figure identification, aged skeleton and teeth are usually the only biological samples. However, their DNA is in a state of trace, damage and degradation to different degrees, which requires special experimental treatment to achieve identification. This paper reviews the sample selection, DNA extraction, DNA enrichment and analysis approaches based on relevant research reports in recent years, aiming to promote the further development and improvement of the aged skeleton and teeth identification system. Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (1): 86-87.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.430102 Abstract （1291）   HTML （316）    PDF（pc） （1501KB）（2457）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (3): 311-313.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2024.340304 Abstract （1280）   HTML    PDF（pc） （537KB）（1358）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Methods and Research Hotspots of Forensic Kinship Testing Ran LI, Hong-yu SUN Journal of Forensic Medicine    2023, 39 (3): 231-239.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.530208 Abstract （1211）   HTML （101）    PDF（pc） （1682KB）（2304）       Knowledge map    Save Kinship testing is widely needed in forensic science practice. This paper reviews the definitions of common concepts, and summarizes the basic principles, advantages and disadvantages, and application scope of kinship analysis methods, including identity by state （IBS） method， likelihood ratio （LR） method， method of moment （MoM）， and identity by descent （IBD） segment method. This paper also discusses the research hotspots of challenging kinship testing, complex kinship testing, forensic genetic genealogy analysis, and non-human biological samples. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress on Dental Age Estimation Based on MRI Technology Lei SHI, Ye XUE, Li-rong QIU, Ting LU, Fei FAN, Yu-chi ZHOU, Zhen-hua DENG Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (2): 112-117.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.231204 Abstract （1167）   HTML    PDF（pc） （687KB）（1199）       Knowledge map    Save Dental age estimation is a crucial aspect and one of the ways to accomplish forensic age estimation, and imaging technology is an important technique for dental age estimation. In recent years, some studies have preliminarily confirmed the feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） in evaluating dental development, providing a new perspective and possibility for the evaluation of dental development, suggesting that MRI is expected to be a safer and more accurate tool for dental age estimation. However, further research is essential to verify its accuracy and feasibility. This article reviews the current state, challenges and limitations of MRI in dental development and age estimation, offering reference for the research of dental age assessment based on MRI technology. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Identification Strategy of Biological Half Sibling Relationship Zheng TAN, Guan-ju MA, Li-hong FU, Xiao-jing ZHANG, Qian WANG, Guang-ping FU, Qing-qing DU, Shu-jin LI Journal of Forensic Medicine    2023, 39 (3): 262-270.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.530107 Abstract （1140）   HTML    PDF（pc） （2872KB）（1372）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To compare the application value of the likelihood ratio （LR） method and identity by state （IBS） method in the identification involving half sibling relationships， and to provide a reference for the setting of relevant standards for identification of half sibling relationship. Methods （1） Based on the same genetic marker combinations， the reliability of computer simulation method was verified by comparing the distributions of cumulated identity by state score （CIBS） and combined full sibling index in actual cases with the distributions in simulated cases. （2） In different numbers of three genetic marker combinations, the simulation of full sibling, half sibling and unrelated individual pairs, each 1 million pairs, was obtained; the CIBS, as well as the corresponding types of cumulative LR parameters， were calculated. （3） The application value of LR method was compared with that of IBS method， by comparing the best system efficiency provided by LR method and IBS method when genetic markers in different amounts and of different types and accuracy were applied to distinguish the above three relational individual pairs. （4） According to the existing simulation data， the minimum number of genetic markers required to distinguish half siblings from the other two relationships using different types of genetic markers was estimated by curve fitting. Results （1） After the rank sum test， under the premise that the real relationship and the genetic marker combination tested were the same， there was no significant difference between the simulation method and the results obtained in the actual case. （2） In most cases， under the same conditions， the system effectiveness obtained by LR method was greater than that by IBS method. （3） According to the existing data， the number of genetic markers required for full-half siblings and half sibling identification could be obtained by curve fitting when the system effectiveness reached 0.95 or 0.99. Conclusion When distinguishing half sibling from full sibling pairs or unrelated pairs， it is recommended to give preference to the LR method， and estimate the required number of markers according to the identification types and the population data， to ensure the identification effect. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Forensic Medicine    2023, 39 (5): 501-506.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2022.520903 Abstract （1126）   HTML    PDF（pc） （621KB）（1468）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Structure Confirmation of Three New Psychoactive Substances and Qualitative Identification of Unknown Substances Zong-yang NIE, Wei HU, Ling-yu LI, Qing-bo ZHANG, Xin HUANG, Bo LI Journal of Forensic Medicine    2024, 40 (4): 340-351.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.330101 Abstract （1109）   HTML    PDF（pc） （2091KB）（1344）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To establish the structural confirmation methods of three suspected new psychoactive substances （NPSs）, and explore a more general qualitative testing method. Methods Infrared absorption spectroscopy （IR）, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy （1H-NMR）, 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy （13C-NMR）, 19F-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy （19F-NMR） and other techniques were used to identify the composition and structure of 5 samples containing suspected NPS submitted by public security bureaus. Results NPSs were found in the above 5 samples, and 3 were confirmed as NPS included in the newly listed controlled substances on July 1, 2024, namely 2-（methylamino）-2-（2-methylphenyl）cyclohexan-1-one （2-MDCK）, 2-（ethylamino）-2-（2-fluorophenyl）cyclohexan-l-one （2-FXE）, 1-（3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl）-2-（dimethylamino）pentan-1-one （dipentylone）, respectively. The first two substances were phencyclidine NPS, and the third substance was synthetic cathinone NPS. Conclusion This study systematically summarizes the distinguishing features of the infrared absorption spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry of three NPSs, which can provide a reference for the qualitative identification of unknown substances. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Forensic Medicine    2023, 39 (6): 623-625.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2022.421001 Abstract （1098）   HTML    PDF（pc） （1098KB）（1560）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Journal of Forensic Medicine    2023, 39 (5): 528-530.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2022.220214 Abstract （1075）   HTML    PDF（pc） （848KB）（1362）       Knowledge map    Save Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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General Formulas for Calculating Commonly Used Kinship Index Chao XIAO, Dai-xin HUANG Journal of Forensic Medicine    2023, 39 (3): 276-282.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.530104 Abstract （1056）   HTML    PDF（pc） （623KB）（1733）       Knowledge map    Save Objective To derive general formulas for calculating commonly used kinship index （KI）. Methods By introducing the Kronecker symbol， the formulas used to calculate the same KI under different genotype combinations were summarized into a unified expression. Results The general formulas were successfully derived for KI in various case situations， including the paternity index， full sibling index， half sibling index， avuncular index， grandpaternity index， first-cousin index， and second-cousin index between two individuals without or with the mother being involved; grandpaternity index between grandparents and a grandchild without or with the mother being involved; half sibling index between two children with two mothers being involved; full sibling index among three children; and half sibling index among three children with no， one， or two mothers being involved. Conclusion The general formulas given in this study simplify the calculation of KIs and facilitate fast and accurate calculation through programming. Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progresses of Tri-Allelic Patterns in Autosomal STR in Forensic DNA Analysis Xiao-yan MA, Hong-yu SUN, Qing LI Journal of Forensic Medicine    2023, 39 (3): 240-246.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.530210 Abstract （1033）   HTML （57）    PDF（pc） （1135KB）（1848）       Knowledge map    Save Tri-allelic pattern in autosomal STR is a common abnormal typing phenomenon in forensic DNA analysis, which brings difficulties and uncertainties to the evaluation of the evidence weight in actual cases. This paper reviews the types, formation mechanism, occurrence frequency, genetic pattern and quantitative evaluation of evidence of the tri-allelic pattern in autosomal STR in forensic DNA analysis. This paper mainly explains the formation mechanism and genetic patterns based on different types of tri-allelic pattern. This paper also discusses the determination of tri-allelic pattern and the quantitative method of evidence evaluation in paternity testing and individual identification. This paper aims to provide references for scientific and standardized analysis of this abnormal typing phenomenon in forensic DNA analysis. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress on Microbial Community Succession in the Postmortem Interval Estimation Qing-qing XIANG, Li-fang CHEN, Qin SU, Yu-kun DU, Pei-yan LIANG, Xiao-dong KANG, He SHI, Qu-yi XU, Jian ZHAO, Chao LIU, Xiao-hui CHEN Journal of Forensic Medicine    2023, 39 (4): 399-405.   DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2022.420606 Abstract （1004）   HTML    PDF（pc） （618KB）（1902）       Knowledge map    Save The postmortem interval （PMI） estimation is a key and difficult point in the practice of forensic medicine, and forensic scientists at home and abroad have been searching for objective, quantifiable and accurate methods of PMI estimation. With the development and combination of high-throughput sequencing technology and artificial intelligence technology, the establishment of PMI model based on the succession of the microbial community on corpses has become a research focus in the field of forensic medicine. This paper reviews the technical methods, research applications and influencing factors of microbial community in PMI estimation explored by using high-throughput sequencing technology, to provide a reference for the related research on the use of microbial community to estimate PMI. Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）