法医学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (1): 40-47,58.DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.431003

• 论著 • 上一篇    下一篇

常用抗凝剂对血迹视觉特征的影响

钱尊磊1,2(), 邬孟奇3, 石钰4   

  1. 1.中国人民公安大学侦查学院,北京 100038
    2.刑事科学技术北京市重点实验室,北京 100038
    3.北京市公安局刑事侦查总队,北京 100054
    4.上海市公安局黄埔分局,上海 200023
  • 收稿日期:2023-10-24 发布日期:2025-05-19 出版日期:2025-02-25
  • 作者简介:钱尊磊(1986—),男,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师,主要从事生物物证技术研究;E-mail:qianzunlei@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    中国人民公安大学刑事科学技术双一流创新科研专项(2023SYL06)

Effects of Common Anticoagulants on the Visual Characteristics of Bloodstains

Zun-lei QIAN1,2(), Meng-qi WU3, Yu SHI4   

  1. 1.School of Investigation, People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China
    2.Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Beijing 100038, China
    3.Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau, Beijing 100054, China
    4.Huangpu Branch of Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 200023, China
  • Received:2023-10-24 Online:2025-05-19 Published:2025-02-25

摘要:

目的 研究乙二胺四乙酸二钾(ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid-K2,EDTA-K2)、柠檬酸钠和肝素钠3种常用抗凝剂对血迹形态、颜色等视觉特征的影响。 方法 将采集的新鲜血液分别使用EDTA-K2、柠檬酸钠和肝素钠处理,在亚克力板和瓷砖两种客体上制备血迹样本,以未经抗凝处理的血迹作为对照样本,观察并记录血迹的干燥时间以及湿润比、裂纹数量、碎片数量、中心印痕面积占比、平均灰度值等特征的变化。 结果 抗凝剂延缓了血迹的干燥进程,在3.5 h时,亚克力板上EDTA-K2、柠檬酸钠和肝素钠抗凝血迹的湿润比分别为54.80%、56.68%和60.60%,高于无抗凝剂血迹(25.70%)。抗凝剂增加了血迹的裂纹数量、碎片数量和中心印痕面积占比,3种视觉特征的变化在柠檬酸钠抗凝血迹中最明显,干燥后的裂纹数量为0.93条/mm,碎片数量为46块,中心印痕面积占比为48.41%。抗凝剂降低了血迹的平均灰度值,其中,柠檬酸钠抗凝血迹的平均灰度值达到峰值的时间最长,为3.5 h。上述特征在瓷砖客体上呈现出相似的变化规律。 结论 3种常用抗凝剂改变了血迹的视觉特征,在进行血迹形态分析实验时,不建议使用抗凝血作为替代品制备实验样本。基于血迹干燥过程中的视觉特征变化,可帮助推断血迹遗留时间,并可辨识使用抗凝血伪造的流血现场。

关键词: 法医学, 法医现场学, 血迹, 抗凝剂, 视觉特征, 干燥时间

Abstract:

Objective To investigate the effects of three common anticoagulants, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid-K2 (EDTA-K2), sodium citrate and heparin sodium, on the visual characteristics of bloodstains such as patterns and colors. Methods Freshly collected blood samples were treated with EDTA-K2, sodium citrate and heparin sodium respectively, and bloodstain samples were prepared on two objects, acrylic plate and ceramic tile. Bloodstains without anticoagulant treatment were used as the control sample. The drying time, wetting ratio, the number of cracks, the number of fragments, the central impression area ratio and the mean gray value of bloodstains were observed and recorded. Results Anticoagulants delayed the drying process of bloodstains. At 3.5 h, the wetting ratios of EDTA-K2-, sodium citrate- and heparin sodium-anticoagulated bloodstains on the acrylic plate were 54.80%, 56.68% and 60.60%, respectively, which were higher than that of bloodstains without anticoagulant treatment (25.70%). Anticoagulants increased the number of cracks, the number of fragments and the central impression area ratio. The changes of these three visual characteristics were most obvious in the sodium citrate-anticoagulated bloodstains, with the crack number of 0.93/mm, the fragment number of 46, and the central impression area ratio of 48.41% after drying. Anticoagulants reduced the mean gray value of bloodstains. Among them, the sodium citrate-anticoagulated bloodstains exhibited the longest time to peak in mean gray value, reading 3.5 h. Similar changes in visual characteristics were observed on the ceramic tile. Conclusion The three commonly used anticoagulants change the visual characteristics of bloodstains. It is not recommended to use anticoagulated blood as a substitute for preparing experimental samples in bloodstain pattern analysis experiments. Based on the changes in the visual characteristics during the drying process of bloodstains, the time of bloodstain deposition can be roughly estimated, and the blood scene staged with anticoagulated blood can be identified.

Key words: forensic medicine, forensic sceneology, bloodstain, anticoagulant, visual characteristics, drying time

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