RNA多态性个体识别的方法、应用与展望

doi:10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2024.541104

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来，法医学领域多用RNA类标记进行组织来源鉴定。RNA分子种类繁多，可以在干燥的体外痕迹中被检出，具有组织特异性、时空动态表达和多拷贝的特点，且同时具有高度遗传多态性。基于这些特征，运用兼具多态性和体液特异性的RNA遗传标记鉴定多人多体液混合斑中的目标体液，及运用兼具多拷贝特性和多态性的RNA遗传标记对毛干等无细胞核类检材进行个体识别，均取得了较好的效果。然而，RNA多态性遗传标记的应用仍面临一些关键问题，如选择合适的RNA种类和多态性位点，优化RNA多态性遗传标记在法医学实践中的应用等。本文总结了RNA多态性在个体识别中的应用，系统分析了其运用范围、优势、局限性以及未来需要解决的主要问题，旨在通过对RNA多态性研究的进一步归纳总结，推动其在个体身份鉴识中的理论完善和方法学创新，为法医学领域个体识别提供参考。

关键词: 法医遗传学, 个体识别, RNA多态性, 体液特异性, 无细胞核类检材, 多人混合斑, 综述

Abstract:

In recent years, RNA markers have been widely employed for tissue origin identification in forensics. RNA molecules are diverse and can be detected in dried biological stains. They show characteristics such as tissue specificity, spatiotemporal dynamic expression, multi-copy numbers and high polymorphic genetics. Based on these characteristics, RNA genetic markers that combine polymorphism with body fluid specificity have been successfully applied to identify target body fluids in the multi-donor mixed stains. In addition, RNA genetic markers with both multi-copy characteristics and polymorphism have shown promising results in individual identification using anucleate samples such as hair shafts. However, the application of RNA polymorphic genetic markers still faces several key challenges, including the selection of appropriate RNA and polymorphic loci, and optimization of their practical use in forensics. This paper reviews the application of RNA polymorphisms in individual identification and systematically analyzes its advantages, limitations, and the main challenges that need to be addressed in the future. The goals are to further review and consolidate findings from studies of RNA polymorphisms, to advance theoretical development and methodological innovation of RNA polymorphisms in individual identification and to provide references for forensic individual identification.

Key words: forensic genetics, individual identification, RNA polymorphism, body fluid specificity, anucleate samples, multi-donor mixed stain, review

中图分类号:

张更谦, 刘紫东. RNA多态性个体识别的方法、应用与展望[J]. 法医学杂志, 2026, 42(2): 143-150.

Gengqian ZHANG, Zidong LIU. Methods， Applications and Prospects of RNA Polymorphism for Individual Identification[J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2026, 42(2): 143-150.

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链接本文: http://www.fyxzz.cn/CN/10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2024.541104

http://www.fyxzz.cn/CN/Y2026/V42/I2/143

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