Journal of Forensic Medicine ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (2): 151-158.DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2024.340703
• Reviews • Previous Articles Next Articles
Received:2024-07-02
Online:2026-06-10
Published:2026-04-25
Contact:
Zhenhua QIAN
CLC Number:
Ruidi SHEN, Zhenhua QIAN. Research Progress on Mescaline and Its Analogues[J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2026, 42(2): 151-158.
Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX
URL: http://www.fyxzz.cn/EN/10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2024.340703
| 编号 | 物质 | 样本 | 分析方法 | 特征离子(m/z) | 参考文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 麦司卡林 | 毛发 | UPLC-MS/MS | 212.14、195.13、180.11、165.07 | [ |
| 2 | 乙基麦司卡林 | 液体及粉末 | GC-MS | 225、196、167 | [ |
| 3 | TMA | 粉末 | GC-MS | 225(M+)、182、167、44 | [ |
| 4 | TMA-2 | 粉末 | GC-MS | 225(M+)、182、167、151、44 | [ |
| 5 | TMA | 血液 | LC-MS/MS | 226.0、209.1、194.1、181.1 | [ |
| 6 | N,N-二甲酰基麦司卡林 | 粉末 | GC-MS | 267、181、194、179 | [ |
| 7 | 甲基烯丙基麦司卡林 | 人肝细胞 | LC-HRMS | 252.159 4、235.132 9、203.106 8、181.085 9、167.070 3 | [ |
Tab. 1 Analysis methods and characteristic fragment ions of mescaline and its analoguesin in vitro and biological specimens
| 编号 | 物质 | 样本 | 分析方法 | 特征离子(m/z) | 参考文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 麦司卡林 | 毛发 | UPLC-MS/MS | 212.14、195.13、180.11、165.07 | [ |
| 2 | 乙基麦司卡林 | 液体及粉末 | GC-MS | 225、196、167 | [ |
| 3 | TMA | 粉末 | GC-MS | 225(M+)、182、167、44 | [ |
| 4 | TMA-2 | 粉末 | GC-MS | 225(M+)、182、167、151、44 | [ |
| 5 | TMA | 血液 | LC-MS/MS | 226.0、209.1、194.1、181.1 | [ |
| 6 | N,N-二甲酰基麦司卡林 | 粉末 | GC-MS | 267、181、194、179 | [ |
| 7 | 甲基烯丙基麦司卡林 | 人肝细胞 | LC-HRMS | 252.159 4、235.132 9、203.106 8、181.085 9、167.070 3 | [ |
| [1] | United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). World drug report 2023[EB/OL]. [2025-12-30]. . |
| [2] | UNODC early warning advisory on NPS. Data visualisations — Public[EB/OL]. [2025-12-30]. . |
| [3] | GIBBONS S. ‘Legal highs’ — Novel and emerging psychoactive drugs: A chemical overview for the toxicologist[J]. Clin Toxicol (Phila),2012,50(1):15-24. doi:10.3109/15563650.2011.645952 . |
| [4] | NELSON M E, BRYANT S M, AKS S E. Emerging drugs of abuse[J]. Dis Mon,2014,60(3):110-132. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2014.01.001 . |
| [5] | United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). World drug report 2022[EB/OL]. [2025-12-30]. . |
| [6] | THOMANN J, LEY L, KLAIBER A, et al. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of mescaline and major metabolites in human plasma[J]. J Pharm Biomed Anal,2022,220:114980. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114980 . |
| [7] | CLEMENT B A, GOFF C M, FORBES T D A. Toxic amines and alkaloids from Acacia berlandieri [J]. Phytochemistry,1997,46(2):249-254. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00240-9 . |
| [8] | CARSTAIRS S D, CANTRELL F L. Peyote and mescaline exposures: A 12-year review of a statewide poison center database[J]. Clin Toxicol (Phila),2010,48(4):350-353. doi:10.3109/15563650903586745 . |
| [9] | DINIS-OLIVEIRA R J, PEREIRA C L, SILVA D D DA. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of peyote and mescaline: Clinical and forensic repercussions[J]. Curr Mol Pharmacol,2019,12(3):184-194. doi:10.2174/1874467211666181010154139 . |
| [10] | CASSELS B K, SÁEZ-BRIONES P. Dark classics in chemical neuroscience: Mescaline[J]. ACS Chem Neurosci,2018,9(10):2448-2458. doi:10.1021/acs chemneuro.8b00215 . |
| [11] | 阳硕,施妍,刘伟,等. 麦司卡林的分析方法研究进展[J].中国法医学杂志,2022,37(4):374-378. doi:10.13618/j.issn.1001-5728.2022.04.012 . |
| YANG S, SHI Y, LIU W, et al. Research progress on mescaline analysis method[J]. Zhongguo Fa-yixue Zazhi,2022,37(4):374-378. | |
| [12] | BRUHN J G, DE SMET P A G M, EL-SEEDI H R, et al. Mescaline use for 5 700 years[J]. Lancet,2002,359(9320):1866. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08701-9 . |
| [13] | HEFFTER A. Ueber cacteenalkaloïde[J]. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges,1896,29(1):216-227. doi:10.1002/cber. 18960290145 . |
| [14] | SPÄTH E. Über die Anhalonium-Alkaloide[J]. Mo-natshefte für Chemie,1919,40:129-154. doi:10.1007/BF01524590 . |
| [15] | SHULGIN A, SHULGIN A. PiHKAL: A chemical love story[M]. Lafayette, CA: Transform Press,1991:15-17. |
| [16] | NICHOLS D E. Psychedelics[J]. Pharmacol Rev,2016,68(2):264-355. doi:10.1124/pr.115.011478 . |
| [17] | SHULGIN A T. Psychotomimetic drugs: Structure-activity relationships[M]// IVERSEN L L, IVERSEN S D, SNYDER S H. Handbook of psychopharmacology: Stimulants. Boston, MA: Springer,1978:243-333. |
| [18] | SHULGIN A T, BUNNELL S, Ⅲ SARGENT T. The psychotomimetic properties of 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine[J]. Nature,1961,189:1011-1012. doi:10.1038/1891011a0 . |
| [19] | SHULGIN A T. Psychotomimetic amphetamines: Methoxy 3,4-dialkoxyamphetamines[J]. Experientia,1964,20(7):366-367. doi:10.1007/bf02147960 . |
| [20] | KOLACZYNSKA K E, LUETHI D, TRACHSEL D, et al. Receptor interaction profiles of 4-alkoxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenethylamines (mescaline derivatives) and related amphetamines[J]. Front Pharmacol,2022,12:794254. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.794254 . |
| [21] | DAWSON B A, AVDOVICH H W. Identification of 4-ethoxy-2,5-dimethoxy amphetamine by an NMR shift reagent study[J]. Can Soc Forensic Sci J,1987,20(1):29-34. doi:10.1080/00085030.1987.10756939 . |
| [22] | European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. EMCDDA risk assessments: Report on the risk assessment of TMA-2 in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs[M/OL]. 2004:19-30. [2025-12-30]. . |
| [23] | European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). EMCDDA — Europol 2014 annual report on the implementation of council decision 2005/387/JHA[M/OL]. (2024-06-25). . |
| [24] | COELHO NETO J. Rapid detection of NBOME’s and other NPS on blotter papers by direct ATR-FTIR spectrometry[J]. Forensic Sci Int,2015,252:87-92. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.025 . |
| [25] | GALLAGHER R, MCLAUGHLIN M G, BLAKEY K, et al. N,N-Diformylmescaline: A novel analogue of mescaline detected in Queensland[J]. Drug Test Anal,2023,15(2):204-212. doi:10.1002/dta.3390 . |
| [26] | HALBERSTADT A L, POWELL S B, GEYER M A. Role of the 5-HT2A receptor in the locomotor hyperactivity produced by phenylalkylamine hallucinogens in mice[J]. Neuropharmacology,2013,70:218- |
| [227] | doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.01.014 . |
| [27] | RICKLI A, MONING O D, HOENER M C, et al. Receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive tryptamines compared with classic hallucinogens[J]. Eur Neuropsychopharm,2016,26(8):1327-1337. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.05.001 . |
| [28] | AGIN-LIEBES G, HAAS T F, LANCELOTTA R, et al. Naturalistic use of mescaline is associated with self-reported psychiatric improvements and enduring positive life changes[J]. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci,2021,4(2):543-552. doi:10.1021/acsptsci.1c00018 . |
| [29] | VAMVAKOPOULOU I A, NARINE K A D, CAMPBELL I, et al. Mescaline: The forgotten psychedelic[J]. Neuropharmacology,2023,222:109294. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109294 . |
| [30] | SHULGIN A T. Mescaline: The chemistry and pharmacology of its analogs[J]. Lloydia,1973,36(1):46-58. |
| [31] | HALBERSTADT A L, CHATHA M, CHAPMAN S J, et al. Comparison of the behavioral effects of mescaline analogs using the head twitch response in mice[J]. J Psychopharmacol,2019,33(3):406-414. doi:10.1177/0269881119826610 . |
| [32] | BARFKNECHT C F, NICHOLS D E, W J Ⅲ DUNN. Correlation of psychotomimetic activity of phenethylamines and amphetamines with 1-octanol-water partition coefficients[J]. J Med Chem,1975, 18(2):208-210. doi:10.1021/jm00236a023 . |
| [33] | NICHOLS D E, DYER D C. Lipophilicity and serotonin agonist activity in a series of 4-substituted mescaline analogs[J]. J Med Chem,1977,20(2):299-301. doi:10.1021/jm00212a022 . |
| [34] | NICHOLS D E, SHULGIN A T, DYER D C. Directional lipophilic character in a series of psychotomimetic phenethylamine derivatives[J]. Life Sci,1977,21(4):569-576. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(77)90099-6 . |
| [35] | SHAH N S, HUDNALL S D, MAY D, et al. Neurolepticlike actions of l-methadone: Effect on mescaline-induced altered behavior and on tissue levels of mescaline in mice[J]. Biol Psychiatry,1979,14(4):587-594. |
| [36] | DOS SANTOS R G, OSÓRIO F L, CRIPPA J A S, et al. Classical hallucinogens and neuroimaging: A systematic review of human studies: Hallucinogens and neuroimaging[J]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev,2016,71:715-728. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.026 . |
| [37] | DASGUPTA A. Challenges in laboratory detection of unusual substance abuse: Issues with magic mushroom, peyote cactus, khat, and solvent abuse[M]// Advances in clinical chemistry: Vol. 78. Amsterdam: Elsevier,2017:163-186. |
| [38] | COCHIN J, WOODS L A, SEEVERS M H. The absorption, distribution and urinary excretion of mescaline in the dog[J]. J Pharmacol Exp Ther,1951,101(2):205-209. doi:10.1016/S0022-3565(25)07676-1 . |
| [39] | KIM S, KIM J H, KIM D K, et al. In vitro metabolism of methallylescaline in human hepatocytes using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry[J]. Mass Spectrom Lett,2018,9(3):86-90. doi:10.5478/MSL.2018.9.3.86 . |
| [40] | DASGUPTA A. Abuse of magic mushroom, peyote cactus, LSD, khat, and volatiles[M]// DASGUPTA A. Critical issues in alcohol and drugs of abuse testing. 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press,2019:477-494. |
| [41] | NICHOLS D E. Hallucinogens[J]. Pharmacol Ther,2004,101(2):131-181. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera. 2003.11.002 . |
| [42] | HOLZE F, LEY L, MÜLLER F, et al. Direct comparison of the acute effects of lysergic acid die-thylamide and psilocybin in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects[J]. Neuropsy-chopharmacol,2022,47(6):1180-1187. doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01297-2 . |
| [43] | PÁLENÍČEK T, BALÍKOVÁ M, BUBENÍKOVÁ- VALEŠOVÁ V, et al. Mescaline effects on rat behavior and its time profile in serum and brain tissue after a single subcutaneous dose[J]. Psychopharmacology (Berl),2008,196(1):51-62. doi:10.1007/s00213-007-0926-5 . |
| [44] | SWGDRUG recommendations version 7.0, 2014[EB/OL]. [2025-12-30]. . |
| [45] | PEREIRA L S A, LISBOA F L C, NETO J C, et al. Direct classification of new psychoactive substances in seized blotter papers by ATR-FTIR and multivariate discriminant analysis[J]. Microchem J,2017,133:96-103. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2017.03.032 . |
| [46] | LONGO C M, MUSAH R A. An efficient ambient ionization mass spectrometric approach to detection and quantification of the mescaline content of commonly abused cacti from the Echinopsis genus[J]. J Forensic Sci,2020,65(1):61-66. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.14134 . |
| [47] | KAIZAKI-MITSUMOTO A, NOGUCHI N, YAMAGUCHI S, et al. Three 25-NBOMe-type drugs, three other phenethylamine-type drugs (25I-NBMD, RH34, and escaline), eight cathinone derivatives, and a phencyclidine analog MMXE, newly identified in ingredients of drug products before they were sold on the drug market[J]. Forensic Toxicol,2016,34(1):108-114. doi:10.1007/s11419-015-0293-6 . |
| [48] | TAKAHASHI M, NAGASHIMA M, SUZUKI J, et al. Analysis of phenethylamines and tryptamines in designer drugs using gas chromatographymass spectrometry[J]. J Health Sci,2008,54(1):89-96. doi:10.1248/jhs.54.89 . |
| [49] | TAKAHASHI M, NAGASHIMA M, SUZUKI J, et al. Creation and application of psychoactive designer drugs data library using liquid chromatography with photodiode array spectrophotometry detector and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Talanta,2009,77(4):1245-1272. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2008.07.062 . |
| [50] | BATTAL D, BARNES A J, CASTANETO M S, et al. Urine mescaline screening with a biochip array immunoassay and quantification by gas chromato-graphy-mass spectrometry[J]. Ther Drug Monit,2015,37(6):805-811. doi:10.1097/ftd.0000000000000220 . |
| [51] | YANG S, SHI Y, CHEN Z N, et al. Detection of mescaline in human hair samples by UPLC-MS/MS: Application to 19 authentic forensic cases[J]. J Chromatogr B,2022,1195:123202. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123202 . |
| [52] | WOHLFARTH A, WEINMANN W, DRESEN S. LC-MS/MS screening method for designer amphe-tamines, tryptamines, and piperazines in serum[J]. Anal Bioanal Chem,2010,396(7):2403-2414. doi:10.1007/s00216-009-3394-4 . |
| [1] | Xi ZHAO, Xinli SHI, Guipeng WANG, Xin WANG, Junbo ZHAO, Min CHEN, Jianhua ZHANG. Homicide Followed by Suicide Due to the Abuse of New Psychoactive Substance 3-MeO-PCPy: A Case Report [J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2026, 42(2): 177-179. |
| [2] | Yue LIU, Weiwei LIANG, Huanhui ZHU, Tianfu HE, Yuanyuan TIAN, Cong PENG, Songcai WANG. Detection of Chlormezanone in Blood Using HPLC-MS/MS Method [J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2026, 42(2): 130-134. |
| [3] | Qingxia LIU, Di WEN, Shujin LI, Chunling MA, Bin CONG. Construction and Practice of the “Leading Goose Navigation and Four-Dimensional Synergy” Model for Cultivating Top Innovative Talents in Forensic Medicine [J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2026, 42(2): 159-163. |
| [4] | Fangyu ZHAO, Dong GAO. Forensic Clinical Identification of Aortic Dissection Complicated with Delayed Intestinal Rupture: A Case Report [J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2026, 42(2): 180-183. |
| [5] | Yaobin WANG, Lili WANG, Daoyin GONG. Forensic Analysis of 173 Cases of Rotator Cuff Injury Caused by Road Traffic Accidents [J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2026, 42(2): 135-142. |
| [6] | Shiyi WANG, Yusen WANG, Hao XIAO, Jing WANG, Li LAN, Qi WANG. Forensic Identification of Unilateral Separated Hyoid Bone Misdiagnosed as Hyoid Bone Fracture: A Case Report [J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2026, 42(2): 189-190. |
| [7] | Xia LAN, Yingqi WANG, Saiying XU, Long CHEN, Yiwen SHEN, Jieqing JIANG. Disability Grade Assessment of Non-Limb-Paralysis Movement Disorder Due to Ataxia Caused by Heat Stroke: A Case Report [J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2026, 42(2): 184-188. |
| [8] | Hang CHEN, Xin WANG, Ping XIANG, Hui YAN. Insecticide: Chlorfenapyr [J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2026, 42(2): 164-167. |
| [9] | Xin-ying WANG, Jia-li ZHANG, Ping XIANG, Xin WANG. Research Progress on Hair Metabolomics and Its Application in Forensic Science [J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2026, 42(1): 49-55. |
| [10] | Tian WANG, Li-wei ZHANG, Dai-jing YU, Jun ZHANG, Jiang-wei YAN. Visual Analysis of the Current Status and Trends in Forensic Microbiology Research Based on Bibliometrics [J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2026, 42(1): 17-25. |
| [11] | Xiao-tian YU, Sheng-nan WU, Wen-ting WANG, Yuan-yuan LIU, Ning-guo LIU. Forty Years of Dedicated Development: Establishing a High-Quality Academic Platform for Forensic Medicine — A Review of the 40-Year History of Fayixue Zazhi [J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2026, 42(1): 56-63. |
| [12] | Hang CHEN. Letter to the Editor: On Critical Toxicological Information of Newly Discovered Toxic Substances and Illegal Drugs [J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2026, 42(1): 64-65. |
| [13] | Hang CHEN, Xin WANG, Hui YAN, Ping XIANG. Synthetic Drug: Pregabalin [J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2026, 42(1): 66-68. |
| [14] | Ya-ning SUN, Dan-yang LI, Qing XIA, Yan GAO, Zong-shi XU, Wen-tao XIA, Hui-ming ZHOU, Xiao-meng HAN, Xiao-ying YU, Yan-liang SHENG. Frontiers and Perspectives of Artificial Intelligence in Forensic Research on CT Imaging Diagnosis of Rib Fractures [J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2025, 41(6): 593-600. |
| [15] | Yan GAO, Xia LIU, Fang CHEN, Xiao-ping YANG, Ze-yu WANG, Ya-ning SUN, Yan-liang SHENG, Wen-tao XIA. Comparison of NB Chirp ABR and 40 Hz AERP in Normal Hearing Adults [J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2025, 41(6): 559-565. |
| Viewed | ||||||
|
Full text |
|
|||||
|
Abstract |
|
|||||
