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The Improvement of Mixed Human Serum-induced Anaphylactic Reaction Death Model in Guinea Pigs CHEN JIONG-YUAN, LAI YUE, LI DONG-RI, ET AL 2012, 28(6): 408-412.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2012.06.002 Abstract ( 1601 )   Objective To increase the death rate of fatal anaphylaxis in guinea pigs and the detectable level of the tryptase of mast cell in blood serum. Methods Seventy-four guinea pigs were randomly divided into five groups： original model group, original model control group, improved model group, improved model control group, improved model with non-anaphylaxis group. Using mixed human serum as the allergen, the way of injection, sensitization and induction were improved. ELISA was used to detect the serum mast cell tryptase and total IgE in guinea pigs of each group. Results The death rate of fatal anaphylaxis in original model group was 54.2% with the different degree of hemopericardium. The severe pericardial tamponade appeared in 9 guinea pigs in original model group and original model control group. The death rate of fatal anaphylaxis in improved model group was 75% without pericardial tamponade. The concentration of the serum total IgE showed no statistically difference between original model group and original model control group（P>0.05）, but the serum mast cell tryptase level was higher in the original model group than that in the original model control group （P<0.05）. The concentration of the serum total IgE and the serum mast cell tryptase level were significantly higher in improved model group than that in the improved model control group （P<0.05）. Conclusion The death rate of the improved model significantly increases, which can provide effective animal model for the study of serum total IgE and mast cell tryptase. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between Genetic Polymorphisms of 3 SNP Loci in 5-HTT Gene and Paranoid Schizophrenia XUAN JIN-FENG, DING MEI, PANG HAO, ET AL 2012, 28(6): 418-421.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2012.06.004 Abstract ( 1638 )   Objective To investigate the population genetic data of 3 SNP loci （rs25533, rs34388196 and rs1042173） of 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter （5-HTT） gene and the association with paranoid schizophrenia. Methods Three SNP loci of 5-HTT gene were examined in 132 paranoid schizophrenia patients and 150 unrelated healthy individuals of Northern Chinese Han population by PCR-RFLP technique. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test was performed using the chi-square test and the data of haplotype frequency and population genetics parameters were statistically analyzed. Results Among these three SNP loci, four haplotypes were obtained. There were no statistically significant differences between the patient group and the control group（P>0.05）. The DP values of the 3 SNP loci were 0.276, 0.502 and 0.502. The PIC of them were 0.151, 0.281 and 0.281. The PE of them were 0.014, 0.072 and 0.072. Conclusion The three SNP loci and four haplotypes of 5-HTT gene have no association with paranoid schizophrenia, while the polymorphism still have high potential application in forensic practice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Measurement of Acetonitrile in Blood and Urine by Head-Space Gas Chromatography LUO RU-XIN, ZHUO XIAN-YI, SHEN BAO-HUA 2012, 28(6): 422-425.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2012.06.005 Abstract ( 1489 )   Objective To establish the method for measurement of acetonitrile in blood and urine by head-space gas chromatography. Methods DB-ALC1 （30 m×320 μm×1.8 μm） and DB-ALC2 （30 m×320 μm×1.2 μm） capillary column were used to measure the acetonitrile in blood and urine with the isopropanol as internal standard reference. Results The limits of detection of acetonitrile in both blood and urine were 0.5 μg/mL, with a linear range of 5-1 000 μg/mL （r=0.999）.The accuracy of this method was 93.2%-98.0%. The RSD for the intra-day and inter-day were less than 3.7％. Conclusion The method is capable for measurement analysis of acetonitrile in blood and urine. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of Morphine and Codeine Concentration in Urines of Heroin Abusers and Codeine Users BU JUN, ZHAN CHANG-SHU 2012, 28(6): 426-428.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2012.06.006 Abstract ( 1401 )   Objective To compare morphine and codeine concentration in urines of heroin abusers and codeine users and to discuss the judgment index to distinguish between heroin abuser and codeine user. Methods The urines of heroin abusers and codeine users were collected at different time periods. After protein precipitation, the urine samples were conducted for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of morphine and codeine by UPLC-MS/MS. And the results were all statistically analyzed. Results Statistical analysis showed that morphine and codeine concentration in urines of heroin abusers and codeine users were both abnormal distributions. The probability of the heroin abuser would be more than 95% and less than 5% for the codeine user when the concentration of morphine in urine sample was more than 67 ng/mL. The probability of the codeine user would be more than 95% and less than 5% for the heroin abuser when the concentration of morphine in urine sample was less than 67 ng/mL. Conclusion The morphine concentration in urine could be used as a criterion to distinguish the heroin abuser from the codeine user, while the codeine concentration could not. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of 27 Death Cases of the Abandoned Babies in Shanghai LI KAI, WU YU-FENG, GE YAN-CHANG, ET AL 2012, 28(6): 429-431.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2012.06.007 Abstract ( 1618 )   Objective To analyze and summarize the characteristics of the death cases of the abandoned babies in Shanghai, and to explore the main points and features in forensic investigation. Methods Twenty-seven death cases of the abandoned babies were selected from 2007 to 2011 in the Institute of Forensic Science of Shanghai Public Security Bureau. The cases were retrospectively analyzed in the respects of scene of abandonment, cause of death and manner of death, etc. Results Among the death cases of the abandoned babies in Shanghai, most of the infants were alive with young unmarried mothers. The main cause of death was mechanical asphyxia, and homicide occurred more commonly. Conclusion It is significantly difficult to determine the cause and manner of death in such cases, needing to be a comprehensive analysis on the case background, the investigation of scene and the examination of injury, etc. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of 21 Autopsy Cases of Aortic Dissection with Disputes YANG SONG-MIN, ZHANG GUANG-ZHENG 2012, 28(6): 432-434.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2012.06.008 Abstract ( 1545 )   Objective To explore procedures and methods of forensic investigation for the death cases of aortic dissection with disputes. Methods Twenty-one death cases of aortic dissection with disputes from 2006 to 2011 were collected. All the data were analyzed to investigate the reasons and features of the disputes. Results The main causes of the disputes were clinical misdiagnosis or slight force. The pathologic type of De Bakey （Ⅰ and Ⅱ） or Stanford A were common in each case. For the cases dying of aortic dissection, it was significantly important to detect the rupture of entry and exit and observe the dissection of arterial wall. Conclusion The main causes of clinical misdiagnosis are insufficient experiences, careless observation and curtness in medical treatment. The difficult points in these cases are confirmation of the relationships between injury and disease, the primary affection and complication. Related Articles | Metrics

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Estimation of PMI Using Late Postmortem Phenomena in the Basis of 49 Cases WU YU-FENG, ZHU ZHI-WEI, PAN LIAN-LIAN, ET AL 2012, 28(6): 435-437.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2012.06.009 Abstract ( 2516 )   Objective To discuss the influencing factors of using late postmortem phenomena to estimate PMI and to provide experience for an accurate estimation. Methods Forty-nine corpses of late postmortem were collected in Shaoxing City, Zhuji area from 2004 to 2011. The related factors were analyzed including season, scene, estimated PMI, exact PMI, cause of death and main factors effected PMI, etc. Results Of all 49 cases, 20 corpses were outdoor, 11 were indoor and 18 were in water. Thirty-seven cases were successful to estimate PMI and 12 cases were unsuccessful. The main factors affected PMI were infection, poisoning, human destruction and high-pressure electric shock, etc. Conclusion In general, PMI can be correctly estimated by late postmortem phenomenon. When the cases included infection, poisoning and human destruction, we should estimate PMI with the comprehensive analysis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of 28 Death Cases Involved with Tumbling Injury WEI MING, WU RONG-QI, CHEN XIN 2012, 28(6): 438-440.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2012.06.010 Abstract ( 1532 )   Objective To explore the general features and the keypoints of forensic medical examination in tumbling injury cases. Methods Twenty-eight cases dying of tumbling injury were collected and the locations and features of injury were analyzed. Results The occiput of head was the common position for the tumbling injury cases. Force, disease and alcohol were the main reasons for tumbling injury. Conclusion The injury is mild outside and severe inside from tumbling injury cases. The craniocerebral contrecoup is the significant feature in tumbling injury cases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Forensic Medical Identification of 355 Cases with Hearing Impairment YANG XIAO-PING, ZHOU XIAO-RONG, DONG DA-AN, ET AL 2012, 28(6): 441-444.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2012.06.011 Abstract ( 1474 )   Objective To analyze the difference of subjective hearing threshold and objective hearing threshold, and to discuss the importance of standard for hearing evaluation in forensic medicine. Methods Three hundred and fifty-five cases （387 ears） of forensic medical identification with hearing impairment were retrospectively analyzed including the items entrusted and hearing test results. All cases were collected from 2004 to 2012 in the forensic science center. Results In the 387 ears, 218 ears （56.3%） were evaluated the degree of disability and 106 ears （27.4%） were identified the degree of damage. In the disability degree evaluation, the subjective hearing threshold and the objective hearing threshold were significant different in 120 ears （55.0%）, while in damage degree evaluation, the subjective hearing threshold and the objective hearing threshold were significant different in 69 ears （65.1%）. Conclusion Because of camouflaging or exaggerating the hearing impairment by the wounded, the subjective hearing threshold can’t accurately assess the existence and the degree of hearing impairment. In the forensic identification, auditory brainstem response, 40 Hz auditory event related potential and auditory steady-state response should be combined in the application to evaluate the hearing impairment for the wounded in order to ensure the reliability of the evaluation of hearing impairment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic Polymorphisms of the Dinucleotide STR Locus D6S261 YANG PENG, LIU YA-NAN, NIE YAN-CHAI, ET AL 2012, 28(6): 445-447.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2012.06.012 Abstract ( 1493 )   Objective To investigate the application of dinucleotide STR locus in paternity testing. Methods Dinucleotide STR locus D6S261 was selected and the paternity testing blood samples were amplified using 200 random blood samples, 16 family samples and 193 paternity test samples. Data of the PCR products were collected by 3130XL Genetic Analyzer and the genetic parameters of population were calculated by PowerStats v12. Results Fifteen alleles and 50 genotypes were found and H, DP, PE and PIC were 0.850, 0.953, 0.695, and 0.820, respectively. The typing results of both family samples and paternity test samples were accord with the law of inheritance, which no mutation was discovered. Conclusion The genetic polymorphisms of D6S261 show good characteristics with low mutation rate and high stability. It can be an effective method to solve the indetermination caused by mutation in paternity testing if the stutter bands can be decreased. Related Articles | Metrics

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Forensic Application of Expressmarker 22 STR Loci Direct PCR Amplification Kit ZOU KAI-NAN, CAO YU, XIA ZI-FANG, ET AL 2012, 28(6): 448-450.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2012.06.013 Abstract ( 1688 )   Objective To explore the application value of Expressmarker 22 STR loci direct PCR amplification kit. Methods One thousand nine hundred and forty-eight samples （including samples spotted on FTA cards, filter papers and case samples） were tested using Expressmarker 22 STR loci direct PCR amplification kit. At the same time, all were tested using SinofilerTM kit, Identifiler kit and PowerPlex 16 kit respectively for comparison. The genotypes were compared at the same STR loci among these four kits to test the sensitivity and accuracy of Expressmarker 22 STR loci direct PCR amplification kit. Results 97.79% samples were successfully typed using Expressmarker 22 STR loci direct PCR amplification kit. The genotype profiles of the same samples using Expressmarker 22 STR loci direct PCR amplification kit were consistent with SinofilerTM kit, Identifiler kit and PowerPlex 16 kit at the same STR loci. Conclusion Expressmarker 22 STR loci direct PCR amplification kit can provide huge information and accurate results and be applied to forensic DNA genotyping. Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic Polymorphisms of 18 STR Loci in Uygur Population of Kashi Prefecture of Xinjiang ZHANG XIAO-HONG, LI PING, WENG WEI-XIA, ET AK 2012, 28(6): 451-455.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2012.06.014 Abstract ( 1592 )   Objective To investigate the genetic polymorphisms of 18 STR loci （D18S51, D21S11, D3S1358, FGA, D8S1179, vWA, CSF1PO, D16S539, D7S820, D13S317, D5S818, D2S1338, D19S433, D12S391, TPOX, TH01, Penta E and D6S1043） in unrelated Uygur individuals in Kashi prefecture of Xinjiang and to explore the application value in forensic practice. Methods Blood samples from 1 381 unrelated Uygur individuals were amplified by using DNA TyperTM 15 Plus kit. The amplified products were detected by using 3130XL Genetic Analyzer and the genotyping was done by using GeneMapper ID v3.2. Population genetics parameters were calculated and compared with that of the other population. The genetic distance of Reynold’s was calculated and phylogenetic tree was constructed at last. Results Of the 1 381 unrelated Uygur individuals, 231 alleles were detected, with an allele frequency of 0.000 4-0.530 4. The H values were 0.644-0.923, PIC values were 0.587-0.918, and DP values were 0.817-0.988, respectively, with a CPE>0.999 999 9. The genetic distance was the longest （0.088 3） to Guangzhou Han population and the closest （0.050 3） to Greek. Conclusion The 18 STR loci in the Uygur population of Kashi prefecture of Xinjiang have high genetic polymorphisms which are close to Europeans, and can be satisfied as genetic markers of population individual identification and paternity testing. Related Articles | Metrics

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Developments in Determination of Elements Using ICP-MS in Blood and Urine ZHANG SU-JING, ZHUO XIAN-YI, MA DONG 2012, 28(6): 456-460,463.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2012.06.015 Abstract ( 1532 )   Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） is the most common technique for elements analysis at present. ICP-MS with high sensitivity and wide linear range can be applied to multi-elements analysis in blood and urine. This paper reviews the common means of sample pretreatment （direct dilution method and wet digestion method）, the method for correction of mass spectral interference and non-interference, the main influence factors of analysis results, and provides an outlook of the application of ICP-MS in forensic toxicological analysis. Related Articles | Metrics