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Journal of Forensic Medicine

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    28 February 2021, Volume 37 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue
    Original Articles
    Cases Study
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    Original Articles
    Age-Related Changes of Material Mechanics and Bone Material Parameters of Rat Skul
    LI Man , LI Ming-jie , HUANG Jiang , et al
    2021, 37(1): 1-6.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.400814
    Abstract ( 896 )   PDF (1661KB) ( 2060 )  
    Objective To study the relationship between material mechanics and bone material parameters of rat skulls and their correlation with age by examination of the parameters. Methods Fortyeight healthy male SD rats were divided into 2, 4, 6, 8, 17, 26, 52 and 104 week groups according to their age. Each group had six rats. The right cranium was compressed by KD Ⅱ-0.2 microcomputer controlled electronic universal testing machine, and material mechanics parameters （ultimate load, compression strength and compression modulus） were measured, then the skull slices were cut off and scanned by Micro-CT system to detect bone material parameters （skull thickness, bone mineral density, bone volume, and trabecular thickness）. Results The differences in ultimate load, compression strength and compression modulus among all groups had statistical significance （P<0.05）, and were positively correlated with age within 26 weeks （P<0.05）. The differences in skull thickness, bone mineral density, bone volume and trabecular thickness among all groups had statistical significance （P<0.05）, and were positively correlated with age within 52 weeks （P<0.05）. All material mechanics parameters were positively correlated with bone material parameters （P<0.05）. Conclusion There is a positive correlation between bone material parameters （skull thickness, bone mineral density, bone volume, trabecular thickness）, material mechanics parameter （skull ultimate load, compression strength, compression modulus） and age in a certain range, which can be used to infer age.
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    Sequential Changes of Total Adenine Nucleotide and AdenylicAcid Energy Charge in Muscles of Rats after Death
    ZHU Wei-hao, ZHENG Zhe, SUN Kai, YANG Meng-zi, et al.
    2021, 37(1): 7-10.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.400207
    Abstract ( 213 )   PDF (629KB) ( 766 )  
    Objective To determine the purine adenylate [adenosine triphosphate （ATP）, adenosine diphosphate （ADP）, adenosine monophosphate （AMP）] content in the muscles of both hind limbs of rats at different postmortem interval（PMI）, calculate the changes in the total adenine nucleotide （TAN） content and the adenylic-acid energy charge（AEC）, and explore their relationship with PMI. Methods Healthy rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and kept at 20 ℃. The muscles of their hind limbs were extracted at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h after death. Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the content of purine adenylates, the TAN and AEC of the muscles of the both hind limbs were calculated, and the related regression equations of their relationship with PMI were established. Results Within 168 h of death of rats, the trend of ATP change was different from ADP, and the content of AMP continuously increased. The TAN value gradually increased with the extension of PMI, and the AEC showed a downward trend within 168 h after death. Among them, the patterns of AEC changes with PMI were obvious, the correlation coefficient was high （R2 =0.903）, and the curve fitting relationship was good; the fitting relationship between ATP, ADP, AMP, TAN and PMI was poor （R2 =0.198-0.754）. Conclusion The postmortem change patterns of AEC provide new research ideas for PMI estimation in the forensic field.
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    Stability of IgE in Postmortem Plasma and Hemolyzed Samples
    WANG Tian-qi, WANG Tian-fang, JIA Yu-qing, et al
    2021, 37(1): 11-14，20.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.491115
    Abstract ( 422 )   PDF (1021KB) ( 790 )  
    Objective To investigate the stability of IgE in postmortem plasma and hemolyzed samples under different storage conditions and freezing-thawing. Methods Thirty nine cardiac blood samples were collected from non-frozen corpses with the postmortem interval of less than 48 hours, including 20 plasma samples and 19 hemolyzed samples taken from whole blood. The samples were stored at -20 ℃, 4 ℃ and 25 ℃ for 28 d and at -80 ℃ for 1 year to evaluate the stability of IgE under different storage conditions. Repeated freezing-thawing treatment was conducted for 5 times to explore the stability of IgE in postmortem plasma and hemolyzed samples. IgE concentration in plasma and hemolyzed samples was detected by electroluminescence before and after treatment. Results The degradation rates of IgE in plasma samples under the three storage conditions, -20 ℃, 4 ℃ and 25 ℃ were close. After 28 d, the mean value was about 15%, the degradation speed of IgE in hemolyzed samples was faster than that of plasma under the same condition （P<0.05） and the degradation rate was faster than other two conditions under 25 ℃ （P<0.05）. The differences in the concentration of plasma samples after freezing at -80 ℃ for 1 year and that before freezing had no statistical significance （P>0.05）, while the concentration of hemolyzed samples was degraded after freezing at -80 ℃ for 1 year（P<0.05）. The differences between the detection results of plasma and hemolyzed samples after repeated freezing-thawing for 5 times and that before freezing-thawing showed no statistical significance （P>0.05）. Conclusion IgE has good freezing-thawing stability in postmortem plasma and hemolyzed samples. Stability of IgE is better in postmortem plasma samples than hemolyzed samples, thus it is recommended to separate plasma from postmortem blood samples as soon as possible in forensic practice.
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    Adult Age Estimation of CT Image Reconstruction of the Laryngeal Cartilages and Hyoid Bone Based on Data Mining
    FAN Fei, DAI Xin-hua, ZHAN Meng-jun, et al
    2021, 37(1): 15-20.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.200318
    Abstract ( 358 )   PDF (827KB) ( 1086 )  
    Objective To explore the feasibility of the CT image reconstruction of laryngeal cartilage and hyoid bone in adult age estimation using data mining methods. Methods The neck thin slice CT scans of 413 individuals aged 18 to <80 years were collected and divided into test set and train set, randomly. According to grading methods such as TURK et al., all samples were graded comprehensively. The process of thyroid cartilage ossification was divided into 6 stages, the process of cricoid cartilage ossification was divided into 5 stages, and the synosteosis between the greater horn of hyoid and hyoid body was divided into 3 stages. Multiple linear regression model, support vector regression model, and Bayesian ridge regression model were developed for adult age estimation by scikit-learn 0.17 machine learning kit （Python language）. Leave-one-out cross-validation and the test set were used to further evaluate performance of the models. Results All indicators were moderately or poorly associated with age. The model with the highest accuracy in male age estimation was the support vector regression model, with a mean absolute error of 8.67 years, much higher than the other two models. The model with the highest accuracy in female adult age estimation was the support vector regression model, with a mean absolute error of 12.69 years, but its accuracy differences with the other two models had no statistical significance. Conclusion Data mining technology can improve the accuracy of adult age estimation, but the accuracy of adult age estimation based on laryngeal cartilage and hyoid bone is still not satisfactory, so it should be combined with other indicators in practice.
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    Mitochondrial DNA Heteroplasmy of Hair Shaft Using HID Ion GeneStudioTM S5 Sequencing System
    CHENG Feng, ZHANG Qing-xia, CHEN Cheng-jian, et al.
    2021, 37(1): 21-25.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.590905
    Abstract ( 304 )   PDF (1814KB) ( 812 )  
    Objective To study the heteroplasmy of the whole mitochondrial genome genotyping result of hair shaft samples using HID Ion GeneStudioTM S5 Sequencing System. Methods The buccal swabs and blood of 8 unrelated individuals, and hair shaft samples from different parts of the same individual were collected. Amplification of whole mitochondrial genome was performed using Precision ID mtDNA Whole Genome Panel. Analysis and detection of whole mitochondrial genome were carried out using the HID Ion GeneStudioTM S5 Sequencing System. Results The mitochondrial DNA sequences in temporal hair shaft samples from 2 individuals showed heteroplasmy, while whole mitochondrial genome genotyping results of buccal swabs, blood, and hair samples from the other 6 unrelated individuals were consistent. A total of 119 base variations were observed from the 8 unrelated individuals. The numbers of variable sites of the individuals were 29, 40, 38, 35, 13, 36, 40 and 35, respectively. Conclusion Sequence polymorphism can be fully understood using HID Ion GeneStudioTM S5 Sequencing system.
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    Supramolecular Solvent Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Detection of Benzodiazepines in Urines
    LIU Jin-lei, GU Jie, CHEN Li-qin, et al.
    2021, 37(1): 26-32.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.300402
    Abstract ( 380 )   PDF (798KB) ( 1077 )  
    Objective To establish a method using supramolecular solvent and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （GC-MS/MS） to analyze 9 benzodiazepines in urines. Methods Urine samples containing 9 benzodiazepines reference substance were subjected to liquid-liquid extractions with supramolecular solvent, which consisted of tetrahydrofuran and 1-hexanol. The solvent layer was evaporated to dryness by stream of nitrogen. The residue was reconstituted with methanol, and GC-MS/MS analysis was performed on it. The way of data collection was multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） mode; internal standard method was employed for quantification. Results In urine samples, when the range of mass concentration was 1- 100 ng/mL for diazepam, midazolam, flunitrazepam and clozapine, 5- 100 ng/mL for lorazepam and alprazolam, 2-100 ng/mL for nitrazepam and clonazepam, and 0.2-100 ng/mL for estazolam, respectively, good linearities were obtained, correlation coefficients were 0.999 1-0.999 9, the lower limits of the quantifications ranged from 0.2 to 5 ng/mL, the extraction recovery rates were 81.12%- 99.52%. The intra-day precision［relative standard deviation（RSD）］and accuracy（bias）were lower than 9.86% and 9.51%, respectively; the inter-day precision（RSD）and accuracy（bias）were lower than 8.74% and 9.98% , respectively. Nine drugs in urine samples showed good stability at ambient temperature and -20 ℃ within 15 days. The mass concentrations of alprazolam in urine samples obtained from 8 volunteers who took alprazolam tablets orally within 8-72 h after ingestions ranged from 6.54 to 88.28 ng/mL.
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    Rapid Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Caffeine and Sodium Benzoate in Annaca by Infrared Spectroscopy
    SU Cheng-ke, LIU Cui-mei, MENG Xin, et al.
    2021, 37(1): 33-37.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.390901
    Abstract ( 796 )   PDF (1582KB) ( 1121 )  
    Objective To establish an infrared spectroscopic method for the rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of caffeine and sodium benzoate in Annaka samples. Methods Qualitative and quantitative modeling samples were prepared by mixing high-purity caffeine and sodium benzoate. The characteristic absorption peaks of caffeine and sodium benzoate in Annaka samples were determined by analyzing the infrared spectra of the mixed samples. The quantitative model of infrared spectra was established by partial least squares （PLS）. Results By analyzing the infrared spectra of 17 mixed samples of caffeine and sodium benzoate （the purity of caffeine ranges from 10% to 80%）, the characteristic absorption peaks for caffeine were determined to be 1 698, 1 650, 1 237, 972, 743, and 609 cm- 1 . The characteristic absorption peaks for sodium benzoate were 1 596, 1 548, 1 406, 845, 708 and 679 cm- 1 . When the detection of all characteristic absorption peaks was the positive identification criteria, the positive detection rate of caffeine and sodium benzoate in 48 seized Annaka samples was 100%. The linear range of PLS quantitative model for caffeine was 10%-80%, the coefficient of determination （R2 ） was 99.9% , the root mean square error of cross validation （RMSECV） was 0.68% , and the root mean square error of prediction （RMSEP） was 0.91%; the linear range of PLS quantitative model for sodium benzoate was 20%-90% , the R2 was 99.9% , the RMSECV was 0.91% and the RMSEP was 1.11% . The results of paired sample t test showed that the differences between the results of high performance liquid chromatography method and infrared spectroscopy method had no statistical significance. The established infrared quantitative method was used to analyze 48 seized Annaka samples, the purity of caffeine was 27.6%-63.1%, and that of sodium benzoate was 36.9%-72.3%. Conclusion The rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of caffeine and sodium benzoate in Annaka samples by infrared spectroscopy method could improve identification efficiency and reduce determination cost.
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    Visual Analysis of the External Characteristics and Research Hotspots of Literatures in International Forensic Science
    LIU Hong-xia , YANG Tian-tong, HUANG Si-zhe, et al.
    2021, 37(1): 38-48.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.491011
    Abstract ( 374 )   PDF (1518KB) ( 1023 )  
    Objective To analyze the forensic science-related literature included in the Web of Science database in the recent decade through bibliometric methods, to provide reference for relevant research. Methods Literatures were searched in 3 ways：Subject search, Journal search and Institution search. The annual distribution, national （regional） distribution, institution distribution, journal distribution and the research hotspots of the related literatures were analyzed through Thomson Data Analyzer （TDA）, Ucinet, VOSviewer, and so on. Results A total of 49 469 related literatures were included in the recent decade. The number of literatures continued to climb year by year. The top 15 countries （regions） accounted for 78.52% of the total number of published literatures, and China ranked 5th, but ranked 12th in terms of the proportion of high-cited papers; Netherlands, Switzerland, Australia, etc. had high comprehensive influence. The number of countries （regions） that cooperated with China were 129, including the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany. The Institute of Forensic Science of Saint Mary’s University, University of Sydney and Netherlands Forensic Institute had high comprehensive influence, and the related literatures were published on 6 357 journals. According to high-frequency co-occurrence network and high-cited papers, brain injury, health policy, assessment scales and models and medical imaging were selected as research hotspots. Conclusion The total number of literatures in forensic science included in international SCI increased significantly, and the influence of China’s achievements needs to be greatly enhanced; the research institutions were scattered, and China’s research power needs to be continuously condensed; the research hotspots in international fields are extensive, and the international participation of China in top level research needs to be strengthened
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    Cases Study
    Forensic Analysis of 43 Medical Disputes Caused by Death after Cardiac Surgery
    DAI Yun- da, CHEN Yan- chang, SHI Rui- juan, et al.
    2021, 37(1): 49-53.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.491105
    Abstract ( 568 )   PDF (2100KB) ( 1132 )  
    Objective To explore the causes and characteristics of medical disputes caused by death after cardiac surgery and to analyze the pathological changes after cardiac surgery and the key points of forensic anatomy, thus to provide pathological evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment of cardiac surgery and judicial appraisal as well as reference for the prevention of medical disputes in such cases. Methods Forensic pathological cases of medical disputes caused by death after cardiac surgery which were accepted by the Center for Medicolegal Expertise of Sun Yat-Sen University from 2013 to 2018 were analyzed retrospectively from aspects such as causes of death, pathological diagnosis, surgery condition, medical misconduct, and so on. Results The causes of death after cardiac surgery of 43 patients were abnormal operation, low cardiac output syndrome, postoperative infection, postoperative thrombosis, and other diseases. Among the 43 cases, there were 18 cases without medical fault while 25 cases had medical fault. Conclusion The medical disputes caused by death after cardiac surgery are closely related to the operative technique and postoperative complications. The causes of medical faults include defects in diagnosis and treatment technique, as well as unfulfillment of duty of care.
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    Forensic Analysis of 105 Autopsy Cases of Psychiatric Patients
    DU Yu, JIA Qiong, YAO Lei, et al.
    2021, 37(1): 54-57.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.400303
    Abstract ( 634 )   PDF (565KB) ( 1441 )  
    Objective To provide reference for medical and health services and forensic expertise, the causes and manners of death of psychiatric patients were analyzed retrospectively. Methods A total of 105 autopsy cases of psychiatric patients accepted and settled by Institute of Forensic Science of Criminal Investigation Police University of China from 2004 to 2019 were collected. The cases were divided into four groups： disease death, suicidal death, accidental death and homicidal death. The common causes of death of each group were statistically analyzed and the differences in age, disease duration, body mass index（BMI）and gender among the groups were assessed. Results Of the 105 cases, 60 were male and 45 were female, the course of psychosis was （12.9±10.4） years, the age of the deceased was （51.3 ± 11.4） years, and 61.0% was schizophrenic. There were 50 cases （47.6%） in the disease death group, in which the psychiatric patients were the oldest and had the longest course of psychosis and lowest BMI. Pulmonary thromboembolism, respiratory infections, and cardiogenic disease were the most common causes of death in the group. There were 26 accidental deaths （24.8%）, among which traffic accidents were the most common cause of death. There were 15 homicidal deaths （14.3%）, all of which were male, with craniocerebral injury being the most common cause of death. There were 14 suicidal deaths （13.3%）. In suicidal death group, the age of the deceased was the youngest, the course of psychosis was the shortest and falling from the height was the most common way to commit suicide. Conclusion Understanding the common causes of death of psychiatric patients may contribute to developing measures to reduce the mortality rate of the population. It is necessary to investigate the age, course of psychosis and gender of the deceased when assessing the manner of death.
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    Techniques and Applications
    Application of Chlorophyte ChlB Gene and Cyanophyte NIES Gene in the Detection of Drowning-Related Plankton
    LI Huan, XU Qu-yi, LIU Chao, et al.
    2021, 37(1): 58-64.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.400219
    Abstract ( 277 )   PDF (1699KB) ( 962 )  
    Objective To construct a polymerase chain reaction-capillary electrophoresis （PCR-CE） detection method using ChlB gene and NIES gene, investigate the method’s specificity and sensitivity, and to evaluate its application value in drowning diagnosis. Methods The specific primers ChlB and NIES were designed for the conserved sequence of chlorophyte ChlB gene and cyanophyte NIES gene in GenBank to construct PCR-CE detection method; 50 species of standard DNA samples were amplified; the sensitivity was determined by gradient concentration detection of positive standard samples; 25 actual cadaver lung tissue samples （drowned：20, natural death：5） were detected, and the simultaneous detection results of microwave digestion-vacuum filtration-automated scanning electron microscopy （MD-VF-Auto SEM） were simultaneously compared. Results The minimum DNA detection concentration of primers ChlB and NIES was 0.161 ng and 0.109 ng, respectively, which could specifically amplify chlorophyte （Chlorella pyrenoidosa） and cyanophyte ［Microcystis aeruginosa （producing and not producing toxin）］ widespread in water. The product fragments were 156 bp and 182 bp, respectively. The results of non-drowning tissues were negative. Conclusion This method has high sensitivity and specificity. It can be applied to the detection of plankton related to drowning and combined with MDVF-Auto SEM method, can increase the detection range of plankton related to drowning and improve the evidence power of drowning diagnosis.
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    Application of Trace Biological Evidence Collection Kit in DNA Examination of Trace Bloodstain Samples from the Scene
    BA Hua-jie, JIN Ming, SHI Jin-wei, et al.
    2021, 37(1): 65-68.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.500303
    Abstract ( 286 )   PDF (1005KB) ( 702 )  
    Objective To evaluate the effects of DNA examination of trace bloodstain samples from the scene collected with Trace Biological Evidence Collection kit. Methods Venous blood was made into bloodstains on the ground. The trace bloodstain samples were collected with Trace Biological Evidence Collection kit and common methods, respectively. DNA examination of trace bloodstain samples（50 from each group） was conducted on the constant temperature shaker for 2, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, respectively, and the examination results of every group were compared. Results When the trace bloodstain samples were placed on the constant temperature shaker for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, the DNA detection rates in the group which used Trace Biological Evidence Collection kit （100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00%, 96.00%） were significantly higher than those in the group using common methods （62.00%, 26.00%, 10.00%, 0）, the differences had statistical significance（P<0.05）. When the trace bloodstain samples were placed on the constant temperature shaker for 2 h, the differences of DNA detection rates between the two groups had no statistical significance （P>0.05）. Conclusion The Trace Biological Evidence Collection kit can effectively improve DNA detection rate and extend detection time limit for trace bloodstain samples from the scene that have been stored for a relatively long time.
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    Review
    Review and Prospects of Pathogen Detection Related to Autopsy of Coronavirus Infectious Diseases
    WANG Yun-yi, ZHOU Nan, YUE Jia-cheng, et al.
    2021, 37(1): 69-76.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.400328
    Abstract ( 334 )   PDF (672KB) ( 1028 )  
    In the past, coronavirus caused two serious human-to-human pandemics in the world, including severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） and Middle East respiratory syndrome（MERS）. In late 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID- 19） caused another major global public health event. Due to the strong infectivity of novel coronavirus, it is difficult to carry out the autopsy of related death cases widely. This paper reviews the previous status of the pathogen detection related to the autopsy of coronavirus infection diseases, and introduces the ongoing detection methods of novel coronavirus in clinical practice, in order to provide reference for the pathogen detection and study related to autopsy of COVID-19.
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    Forensic Progress on Death Following Carotid Sinus Inhibition
    CAO Nan, FENG Hua, ZHANG Bo-yang, et al.
    2021, 37(1): 77-80.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.491211
    Abstract ( 528 )   PDF (495KB) ( 1361 )  
    Death after carotid sinus trauma is usually attributed to death from inhibition, a type of sudden death. Currently, the number of incidents is scarce, and related studies are few. Therefore, how to determine the involvement of carotid sinus and determine the role of diseases in the cause of death has always been a difficult point in forensic investigation. This article sorts out the research literature on carotid sinus related death at home and abroad in recent years, systematically reviews the anatomic structure of the carotid sinus nerve, the clinical epidemiology of carotid sinus syndrome, and the research on the death mechanism of carotid sinus injury at home and abroad in recent years, in order to provide references for forensic pathology research and prosecution.
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    Research Progress on Individual Identification by Frontal Sinus Imaging
    WU Wei, LI Yuan, FAN Fei, et al.
    2021, 37(1): 81-86.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.291211
    Abstract ( 419 )   PDF (540KB) ( 1062 )  
    Frontal sinus imaging is an important research object in forensic individual identification due to the highly specific irregular air cavity shape of frontal sinus, the stability of its shape after maturity, and the wide clinical application of radiology technology. The use of frontal sinus imaging for individual identification has significance in the court. When the application of traditional individual identification methods such as fingerprint identification and DNA analysis are limited or cannot be effectively carried out, or when the corresponding dental records are lacking and in other special cases, individual identification with frontal sinus imaging comparison is an effective alternative. Various types of image data can be used for individual identification with frontal sinus, mainly based on artificial visual comparing. With limitations such as, high professional requirements, low efficiency and small application range, the methods cannot be used in mass disasters. In recent years, some computer image recognition techniques have been used in identification of frontal sinus imagings and can significantly improve the efficiency of recognition. Difficulties such as low manual recognition efficiency may be overcomed. This study summarizes the reports on forensic individual identification using frontal sinus imaging, to review the research progress on individual identification with frontal sinus imaging, to provide a reference for further research on frontal sinus imaging, and to provide ideas for exploration and establishment of a faster, more efficient and more accurate individual identification system.
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    Forensic Application of Plant Evidence
    ZHANG Zi-long, LIANG Wei-bo, SUN Hong-bing , et al.
    2021, 37(1): 87-90，98.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.490708
    Abstract ( 905 )   PDF (792KB) ( 1597 )  
    With the increasingly obvious role of plant evidence in case detection, forensic botany, which provides clues and evidence in crime scene investigation by using botanical research method has attracted growing attention. The common experimental techniques used in forensic botany are morphological examination, physical and chemical examination, molecular genetic examination, and so on. This paper briefly expounds the advantages and disadvantages of different test methods, summarizes the problems that need to be paid attention to in the application of forensic botany by arranging the related literatures and cases of forensic botanical research, in order to provide reference for scene investigation of cases.
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    Forensic Application of Next Generation Sequencing Technology in the Typing of Y Chromosome Genetic Marker
    YANG Yue , TAO Rui-yang , LI Min , et al.
    2021, 37(1): 91-98.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.501205
    Abstract ( 679 )   PDF (654KB) ( 1149 )  
    The paternal inheritance characteristics of Y chromosome have been widely used in the forensic genetics field to detect the genetic markers in the non-recombining block, and used in the studies such as, genetic relationship identification, mixed stain detection, pedigree screen and ethnicity determination. At present, capillary electrophoresis is still the most common detection technology. The commercial detection kits and data analysis and processing system based on this technology are very mature. However, the disadvantages of traditional detection technology have gradually appeared with the rapid growth of bio-information amount, which promotes the renewal of forensic DNA typing technology. In recent years, next generation sequencing （NGS） technology has developed rapidly. This technology has been applied to various fields including forensic genetics and has provided new techniques for the detection of Y chromosome genetic markers. This article describes the current situation and application prospects of the NGS technology in forensic Y chromosome genetic markers detection in order to provide new ideas for future judicial practice.
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