法医学杂志 ›› 2024, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (6): 597-607.DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2024.340704
高国庆1,2(), 阳硕1,2, 周莉英1, 杜诗蓓1,2, 施妍1(
)
收稿日期:
2024-07-11
发布日期:
2025-03-10
出版日期:
2024-12-25
通讯作者:
施妍
作者简介:
高国庆(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事法医毒物分析研究;E-mail:ggq1001s@163.com
基金资助:
Guo-qing GAO1,2(), Shuo YANG1,2, Li-ying ZHOU1, Shi-bei DU1,2, Yan SHI1(
)
Received:
2024-07-11
Online:
2025-03-10
Published:
2024-12-25
Contact:
Yan SHI
摘要:
尼秦类新精神活性物质是一类最新流行于非法物质市场的合成阿片类物质,具有效力高、安全范围窄等特点。相比于传统阿片类物质,吸食该类物质后更容易导致严重的呼吸抑制。近年来,尼秦类新精神活性物质滥用事件频发,已在全球范围内造成数百起中毒或死亡案件,严重威胁个体健康和公共安全。随着尼秦类新精神活性物质的不断涌现,对该类物质的鉴识研究受到越来越广泛的关注。本文综述了常见尼秦类新精神活性物质的结构特点、体内药理学表征以及分析方法,以期为该类物质在法医毒物学中的研究提供依据和参考。
中图分类号:
高国庆, 阳硕, 周莉英, 杜诗蓓, 施妍. 体内尼秦类新精神活性物质的分析[J]. 法医学杂志, 2024, 40(6): 597-607.
Guo-qing GAO, Shuo YANG, Li-ying ZHOU, Shi-bei DU, Yan SHI. In Vivo Analysis of New Psychoactive Substances: Nitazenes[J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2024, 40(6): 597-607.
序号 | 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 依托尼秦1) | etonitazene | 911-65-9 |
2 | 氯尼他秦1) | clonitazene | 3861-76-5 |
3 | 异丙托尼秦2) | isotonitazene | 14188-81-9 |
4 | 美托尼秦3) | metonitazene | 14680-51-4 |
5 | 去硝基依托尼秦3) | etazene | 14030-76-3 |
6 | 丙托尼秦3) | protonitazene | 95958-84-2 |
7 | 依托吡尼秦3) | etonitazepyne | 2785346-75-8 |
8 | 丁托尼秦3) | butonitazene | 95810-54-1 |
9 | 丙托吡尼秦3) | protonitazepyne | 3038401-95-2 |
10 | N-去乙基异丙托尼秦3) | N-desethyl isotonitazene | 2732926-24-6 |
11 | N-去乙基依托尼秦3) | N-desethyl etonitazene | 2732926-26-8 |
12 | 亚乙氧尼秦3) | ethyleneoxynitazene | 暂无 |
表1 已列管尼秦类物质的信息
Tab. 1 The information of controlled nitazenes
序号 | 中文名称 | 英文名称 | CAS号 |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 依托尼秦1) | etonitazene | 911-65-9 |
2 | 氯尼他秦1) | clonitazene | 3861-76-5 |
3 | 异丙托尼秦2) | isotonitazene | 14188-81-9 |
4 | 美托尼秦3) | metonitazene | 14680-51-4 |
5 | 去硝基依托尼秦3) | etazene | 14030-76-3 |
6 | 丙托尼秦3) | protonitazene | 95958-84-2 |
7 | 依托吡尼秦3) | etonitazepyne | 2785346-75-8 |
8 | 丁托尼秦3) | butonitazene | 95810-54-1 |
9 | 丙托吡尼秦3) | protonitazepyne | 3038401-95-2 |
10 | N-去乙基异丙托尼秦3) | N-desethyl isotonitazene | 2732926-24-6 |
11 | N-去乙基依托尼秦3) | N-desethyl etonitazene | 2732926-26-8 |
12 | 亚乙氧尼秦3) | ethyleneoxynitazene | 暂无 |
序号 | 化合物 | 基质 | 前处理方法 | 色谱柱 | 流动相 | 定量限 | 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 异丙托尼秦 | 血液、尿液 | 液液萃取法 | Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (3.0 mm×100 mm,2.7 μm) | A:含0.1%甲酸的水溶液; B:含0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液 | 0.02 ng/mL | [ |
2 | 依托尼秦、美托尼秦等9种尼秦类物质 | 血液 | 中空纤维液相微萃取法 | Phenomenex Kinetex Biphenyl column (2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm) | A:10 mmol/L甲酸铵溶液; B:甲醇 | 0.1 ng/mL | [ |
3 | 异丙托尼秦 | 毛发 | 冷冻研磨法 | Ascentis Express C18 column (2.1 mm ×100 mm,2.7 μm) | A:含0.1%甲酸的10 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液; B:10 mmol/L乙酸铵乙腈溶液 | 1.25 pg/mg | [ |
4 | 丙托尼秦 | 毛发 | V乙醚∶V二氯甲烷∶V己烷∶V异戊醇=500∶300∶200∶5提取 | Waters ACQUITY HSS C18 column (2.1 mm×150 mm,1.8 μm) | A:pH=3的甲酸缓冲液; B:含0.1%甲酸的乙腈溶液 | 1 pg/mg | [ |
5 | N-哌啶依托尼秦 | 毛发、指甲 | 甲醇提取 | Phenomenex Kinetex Biphenyl column (2.1 mm×50 mm,2.6 μm) | A:含0.1%甲酸的水溶液; B:含0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液 | 10 pg/mg | [ |
6 | 去硝基美托尼秦、美托尼秦等17种尼秦类物质 | 毛发 | 冷冻研磨法 | Phenomenex Kinetex Biphenyl 100 Å LCcolumn (3.0 mm × 100 mm, 2.6 µm) | A:含0.1%甲酸的水溶液; B:乙腈 | 5~20 pg/mg | [ |
7 | 异丙托尼秦、美托尼秦 | 血液、尿液,组织 | 蛋白沉淀法 | Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm,2.7 µm) | A:含0.1%甲酸的水溶液; B:含0.1%甲酸的乙腈溶液 | - | [ |
8 | 异丙托尼秦 | 血液、尿液,组织 | 固相萃取法 | Accucore RP-MS C18 column (2.1 mm×50 mm,2.6 μm) | A:含0.1%甲酸的水溶液; B:含0.1%甲酸的乙腈溶液 | 血液:0.015 ng/mL; 尿液:0.015 ng/mL; 组织:- | [ |
9 | 丙托尼秦、异丙托尼秦等9种尼秦类物质 | 血液 | 液液萃取法 | Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 C18 column (3.0 mm×100 mm,2.7 µm) | A:含0.1%甲酸的水溶液; B:含0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液 | 0.1 ng/mL | [ |
10 | 丁托尼秦、去硝基依托尼秦等9种尼秦类物质 | 干血斑 | V甲醇∶V乙腈=3∶1提取 | Phenomenex Kinetex C18 column (2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 µm) | A:5 mmol/L甲酸水溶液; B:5 mmol/L甲酸乙腈溶液 | 0.3 ng/mL | [ |
表2 不同基质中尼秦类物质的LC-MS分析方法 (注:“-”表示原文无数据。)
Tab. 2 Methods for the analysis of nitazenes in different matrices using LC-MS
序号 | 化合物 | 基质 | 前处理方法 | 色谱柱 | 流动相 | 定量限 | 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 异丙托尼秦 | 血液、尿液 | 液液萃取法 | Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (3.0 mm×100 mm,2.7 μm) | A:含0.1%甲酸的水溶液; B:含0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液 | 0.02 ng/mL | [ |
2 | 依托尼秦、美托尼秦等9种尼秦类物质 | 血液 | 中空纤维液相微萃取法 | Phenomenex Kinetex Biphenyl column (2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm) | A:10 mmol/L甲酸铵溶液; B:甲醇 | 0.1 ng/mL | [ |
3 | 异丙托尼秦 | 毛发 | 冷冻研磨法 | Ascentis Express C18 column (2.1 mm ×100 mm,2.7 μm) | A:含0.1%甲酸的10 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液; B:10 mmol/L乙酸铵乙腈溶液 | 1.25 pg/mg | [ |
4 | 丙托尼秦 | 毛发 | V乙醚∶V二氯甲烷∶V己烷∶V异戊醇=500∶300∶200∶5提取 | Waters ACQUITY HSS C18 column (2.1 mm×150 mm,1.8 μm) | A:pH=3的甲酸缓冲液; B:含0.1%甲酸的乙腈溶液 | 1 pg/mg | [ |
5 | N-哌啶依托尼秦 | 毛发、指甲 | 甲醇提取 | Phenomenex Kinetex Biphenyl column (2.1 mm×50 mm,2.6 μm) | A:含0.1%甲酸的水溶液; B:含0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液 | 10 pg/mg | [ |
6 | 去硝基美托尼秦、美托尼秦等17种尼秦类物质 | 毛发 | 冷冻研磨法 | Phenomenex Kinetex Biphenyl 100 Å LCcolumn (3.0 mm × 100 mm, 2.6 µm) | A:含0.1%甲酸的水溶液; B:乙腈 | 5~20 pg/mg | [ |
7 | 异丙托尼秦、美托尼秦 | 血液、尿液,组织 | 蛋白沉淀法 | Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm,2.7 µm) | A:含0.1%甲酸的水溶液; B:含0.1%甲酸的乙腈溶液 | - | [ |
8 | 异丙托尼秦 | 血液、尿液,组织 | 固相萃取法 | Accucore RP-MS C18 column (2.1 mm×50 mm,2.6 μm) | A:含0.1%甲酸的水溶液; B:含0.1%甲酸的乙腈溶液 | 血液:0.015 ng/mL; 尿液:0.015 ng/mL; 组织:- | [ |
9 | 丙托尼秦、异丙托尼秦等9种尼秦类物质 | 血液 | 液液萃取法 | Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 C18 column (3.0 mm×100 mm,2.7 µm) | A:含0.1%甲酸的水溶液; B:含0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液 | 0.1 ng/mL | [ |
10 | 丁托尼秦、去硝基依托尼秦等9种尼秦类物质 | 干血斑 | V甲醇∶V乙腈=3∶1提取 | Phenomenex Kinetex C18 column (2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 µm) | A:5 mmol/L甲酸水溶液; B:5 mmol/L甲酸乙腈溶液 | 0.3 ng/mL | [ |
案例 | 简要案情 | 分析结果 | 血液中其他检出物质 | 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 43岁的男性,疑似吸食海洛因后昏迷 | 血清:异丙托尼秦0.18 ng/mL | 可卡因1)、丁丙诺啡1) | [ |
2 | 41岁的男性,吸食了一种新的“树脂”后反应迟钝、呼吸困难 | 血清:异丙托尼秦0.81 ng/mL | 可卡因1)、丁丙诺啡1) | [ |
3 | 20多岁的女性,服用标记为去硝基依托尼秦的物质后昏倒 | 血液:去硝基依托尼秦1) | 苯丙胺 90 ng/mL | [ |
4 | 30多岁的女性,服用标记为丙托尼秦的物质后意识丧失、呼吸暂停 | 血液:丁托尼秦1),丙托尼秦1) | 甲基苯丙胺70 ng/mL | [ |
5 | 25岁的男性,服用标记为N-哌啶依托尼秦的粉末后全身肌肉疼痛并严重腹痛 | 血清:N-哌啶依托尼秦1.21 ng/mL;尿液:N-哌啶依托尼秦 0.51 ng/mL | 地西泮1)、劳拉西泮1)、普瑞巴林1) | [ |
6 | 60岁的男性,疑似吸毒后死亡 | 血液:美托尼秦6.0 ng/mL;尿液:美托尼秦 5.2 ng/mL | 曲马多520 ng/mL,依替唑仑5.2 ng/mL | [ |
7 | 27岁的男性,疑似注射“海洛因”死亡 | 血液:异丙托尼秦1.9 ng/mL;玻璃体液:异丙托尼秦0.1 ng/mL;尿液:异丙托尼秦2.6 ng/mL | 依替唑仑15 ng/mL | [ |
8 | 41岁的男性,死亡时身上发现白色粉末 | 血液:异丙托尼秦 0.9 ng/mL;尿液:异丙托尼秦 3.5 ng/mL | 芬太尼 5.8 ng/mL,4-苯胺基-N-苯乙基哌啶(4-ANPP) 1.6 ng/mL | [ |
9 | 42岁的男性,死亡时身旁发现米黄色粉末 | 血清:美托尼秦18 ng/mL,丁托尼秦2.4 ng/mL;尿液:美托尼秦8.4 ng/mL,丁托尼秦10 ng/mL | 2-(乙基氨基)-1-苯基-1-戊酮1) | [ |
10 | 26岁的男性,死亡时身旁发现毒品包装袋 | 血液:美托尼秦1.6 ng/mL | 芬太尼12 ng/mL,去甲芬太尼0.66 ng/mL,吗啡43 ng/mL | [ |
11 | 40岁的男性,疑似吸毒后死亡 | 血液:美托尼秦2.3 ng/mL;尿液:美托尼秦 4.6 ng/mL | 芬太尼5.8 ng/mL,去甲芬太尼1.2 ng/mL | [ |
表3 部分尼秦类物质中毒及死亡案例报道
Tab. 3 Reports of poisoning and fatal cases involving some nitazenes
案例 | 简要案情 | 分析结果 | 血液中其他检出物质 | 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 43岁的男性,疑似吸食海洛因后昏迷 | 血清:异丙托尼秦0.18 ng/mL | 可卡因1)、丁丙诺啡1) | [ |
2 | 41岁的男性,吸食了一种新的“树脂”后反应迟钝、呼吸困难 | 血清:异丙托尼秦0.81 ng/mL | 可卡因1)、丁丙诺啡1) | [ |
3 | 20多岁的女性,服用标记为去硝基依托尼秦的物质后昏倒 | 血液:去硝基依托尼秦1) | 苯丙胺 90 ng/mL | [ |
4 | 30多岁的女性,服用标记为丙托尼秦的物质后意识丧失、呼吸暂停 | 血液:丁托尼秦1),丙托尼秦1) | 甲基苯丙胺70 ng/mL | [ |
5 | 25岁的男性,服用标记为N-哌啶依托尼秦的粉末后全身肌肉疼痛并严重腹痛 | 血清:N-哌啶依托尼秦1.21 ng/mL;尿液:N-哌啶依托尼秦 0.51 ng/mL | 地西泮1)、劳拉西泮1)、普瑞巴林1) | [ |
6 | 60岁的男性,疑似吸毒后死亡 | 血液:美托尼秦6.0 ng/mL;尿液:美托尼秦 5.2 ng/mL | 曲马多520 ng/mL,依替唑仑5.2 ng/mL | [ |
7 | 27岁的男性,疑似注射“海洛因”死亡 | 血液:异丙托尼秦1.9 ng/mL;玻璃体液:异丙托尼秦0.1 ng/mL;尿液:异丙托尼秦2.6 ng/mL | 依替唑仑15 ng/mL | [ |
8 | 41岁的男性,死亡时身上发现白色粉末 | 血液:异丙托尼秦 0.9 ng/mL;尿液:异丙托尼秦 3.5 ng/mL | 芬太尼 5.8 ng/mL,4-苯胺基-N-苯乙基哌啶(4-ANPP) 1.6 ng/mL | [ |
9 | 42岁的男性,死亡时身旁发现米黄色粉末 | 血清:美托尼秦18 ng/mL,丁托尼秦2.4 ng/mL;尿液:美托尼秦8.4 ng/mL,丁托尼秦10 ng/mL | 2-(乙基氨基)-1-苯基-1-戊酮1) | [ |
10 | 26岁的男性,死亡时身旁发现毒品包装袋 | 血液:美托尼秦1.6 ng/mL | 芬太尼12 ng/mL,去甲芬太尼0.66 ng/mL,吗啡43 ng/mL | [ |
11 | 40岁的男性,疑似吸毒后死亡 | 血液:美托尼秦2.3 ng/mL;尿液:美托尼秦 4.6 ng/mL | 芬太尼5.8 ng/mL,去甲芬太尼1.2 ng/mL | [ |
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