Archive

28 October 2009, Volume 25 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue
---
论文


For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX

Toggle Thumbnails

论文

Select

The Microglia Activation Characteristics of MA-induced Neurotoxicity in the Rats Striatum QIAO DONG-FANG;LI YAN-HONG;TAN XIAO-HUI;WANG HUI-JUN(DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY;GUANGZHOU 0;CHINA) 2009, 0(5): 321-325.  Abstract ( 1890 )   Objective To investigate the activation characteristics of microglia(MG) in the rats striatum with MA-induced neurotoxicity.Methods Male Wistar rats were divided randomly into control group(n=24) and experimental group(n=24).The rats of experimental group were injected intraperitoneally with MA(15 mg/kg×8 injections,at 12 hours interval).The rats of control group were administrated with saline.The tissues of striatum of two rat groups were harvested at 0.5 d,1 d,2 d,3 d,4 d,5 d,6 d and 7 d post initial administrations of MA or saline.The structure changes were observed by transmission electron mi-croscopy and CD-11b immunohistochemistry.The ratio of activated MG was calculated and statistically analyzed.Results In the control group,the morphological characteristics of the MG showed that the cell bodies were small with slender processes,high electronic density nucleus,and fewer organelles known as the "fork-type".In contrast,the MG in the MA-induced neurotoxicity group displayed larger cell body,shorter cell processes or disappeared,lower electronic density nucleus and rich organelles,resembling "bush-like" or "amoeba-like".The ratio of activated MG in control group was below 0.15 at all time-points,whereas in the experimental group,the ratio of activated MG increased significantly from day 1 to day 7(P<0.001).Conclusion The continuous MA stimulation of the CNS results in prominent MG activation. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

In Vitro Study on bFGF Expression of Rat Astrocytes after Mechanical Injury HU LING;CHEN RUI;YU BIN-HUA;CHEN XIAO-GANG;LIU MIN(.WEST CHINA SCHOOL OF PRECLINICAL AND FORENSIC MEDICINE;SICHUAN UNIVERSITY;CHENGDU 00;CHINA;.GUANGDONG NANTIAN FORENSIC JUDICAL APPRAISAL INSTITUTE;SHENZHEN 0;CHINA;.DEPARTMENT OF FOR 2009, 0(5): 326-328+.  Abstract ( 1796 )   Objective To study the alteration of basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF) expression in astrocytes in vitro after mechanical injury and to understand the repair mechanism of brain injury.Methods Astrocytes were isolated from cerebral cortex of SD rats born in 24 hours,and then cultured and purified.The cultured astrocytes were randomly divided into control group and injury groups that were subjected to mechanical injury at 30 min,1 h,3 h,6 h,12 h,24 h,3 d and 7 d.The levels of bFGF expression in the astrocytes after injury were detected by ABC immunohistochemistry.Results More than 95% of the cultured cells were as-trocytes.The levels of bFGF expression were very low in the control group.On the other hand,increased levels of bFGF expression could be observed at 1-3 h after injury.The expression levels increased significantly at 6-12 h,reached peak level at 24 h,remained at the high level up to 3 days,and then decreased gradually.Conclusion The changes of bFGF expression levels in cultured astrocytes in vitro after mechanical injury are similar to that observed in vivo experimental model,both of which show time-dependent characteristic,with only slightly earlier expression of bFGF observed in vitro.Thus,the expression of bFGF after injury can be one of evidences for estimation of brain injury intervals.The cell injury model in vitro may have superiority in the study of the molecule mechanism of tissue and cell injury. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Pathological Observation of Acute Intoxication by Alangium Chinese in Mice ZHANG CHANG-YIN;ZHANG LI-JUN;HU YONG-LIANG;XIA XIAN-DONG;LU LIN-MING;YAN YI-FENG;XU XIANG;KE WEI;ZHU JIAN-HUA(.CHIZHOU QIUCHENG FORENSIC JUDICAL APPRAISAL INSTITUTE;CHIZHOU 000;CHINA;.JINGDE PUBLIC SECU-RITY BUREAU;JINGDE 00;CHINA;.THE 2009, 0(5): 329-331.  Abstract ( 2073 )   Objective To investigate the pathological change of mice organ intoxicated by Alangium Chinese and its poisoning mechanism.Methods Mice were intoxicated by gavage with extract of Alangium Chinese.Then the histopathologic examination was made for evaluating the pathological changes in the organs of the poisoned mice by HE staining.Results The main pathological changes included alveolar hemorrhage,pulmonary interstitial hemorrhage,sinus hepaticus expansion and congestion,hepatocyte edema,subarach-noid hemorrhage,congestion and hemorrhage of other organs.Conclusion The main target organs or tissue of Alangium Chinese are the lungs,liver and vascular smooth muscle.There is correlation between the toxic effect and the dosage. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Value of TNFα Testing in Evaluation of Death due to Drug Anaphylactic Shock HU YONG-LIANG;ZHU JIAN-HUA;JING HUA-LAN(.THE THIRD DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE;WANNAN MEDICAL COLLEGE;WUHU 00;CHINA;.DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;ZHONGSHAN MEDICAL COLLEGE;SUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITY;GUANGZHOU 000;CHINA) 2009, 0(5): 332-333.  Abstract ( 2333 )   Objective To analyze the changes of the serum TNFα level in cadavers of drug anaphylactic shock(DAS) and to explore the significance of the TNFα testing in evaluation of death caused by DAS.Methods The level of serum TNFα from cardiac blood was determined by double antibody-sandwich ELISA method.Results The level of TNFα in the experimental group was(131.6±9.4) pg/mL,while the level in the infectious diseases control group and the normal control group were(87.3±6.4) pg/mL and(17.2±4.5) pg/mL,respectively.There was statistically significant difference among the groups(P<0.05).Conclusion The serum TNFα level may be used as one of the indexes for evaluation of death caused by highly suspected drug anaphylactic shock. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Expression of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Sudden Death due to Viral Myocarditis and Its Medicolegal Significance NING JUAN;LI YONG-HONG;ZHANG CHUN-BING(.DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC PATHOLOGY;WANNAN MEDICAL COLLEGE;WUHU 00;CHINA;.FORENSIC EXPERTISE CENTER;EAST CHINA UNIVERSITY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND LAW;SHANGHAI 000;CHINA) 2009, 0(5): 334-336.  Abstract ( 2075 )   Objective To explore the expression and significance of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) in myocardium in sudden death caused by viral myocarditis(VMC).Methods To investigate the expression of MCP-1 in VMC sudden death group and control group using improved immunohistochemical technique and to compare the difference of the expression of MCP-1 between two groups with statistical method.Results In VMC sudden death group,MCP-1 was positively expressed in 17 of 20 cases.While only 4 of the 20 cases in the control group showed a mildly positive expression sparsely in myocardium,and the rest cases were completely negative.The rate of positive expression of MCP-1 in VMC group was obviously higher than that of the control group(P<0.01).Conclusion The expression of MCP-1 detected by immunohistochemistry provides an objective morphologic evidence for the diagnosis of VMC sudden death in forensic pathology. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

STR Genotyping in Unbuffered Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Tissue LIU YAN;LI LI;ZHAO ZHEN-MIN;ZHANG SU-HUA;ZHAO SHU-MIN(.SHANGHAI KEY LABORATORY OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE;MINISTRY OF JUSTICE;P.R.CHINA;SHANGHAI 000;CHINA;.DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;MEDICAL COLLEGE OF SOOCHOW UNIV 2009, 0(5): 337-340+.  Abstract ( 1860 )   Objective To assess the influential factors of STR genotyping in 10% unbuffered formalin fixed paraffin embedded samples.Methods Eight kinds of autopsy samples including heart,brain,liver,spleen,kidney,lung,stomach and intestine tissue from 2 corpse were fixed with 10% unbuffered formalin and embedded with paraffin according to the routine procedure from which the DNA were extracted with three different methods(QIAGEN,IQ and Chelex).STR profile were analyzed with AmpFlSTR Identifiler Kit and capillary electrophoresis on genetic analyzer 3100-Avant.STR profiles of 56 archival paraffin embedded samples from 15 cases were also analyzed with methods as mentioned.These archival samples,including heart,liver,lung and intestine tissue,had been preserved for 1 to 5 years in ambient temperature.Effectiveness of STR genotyping was assessed with the recalling ration of the 15 STR loci composing of the Identifiler Kit.Results Significant difference of the recalling ration was statistically revealed among the different types of paraffin embedded sample with same preserving period.Moreover,the STR recalling ration was continuously lowering with the prolongation of preserving period in all of the samples.The linear relation-ship between the STR recalling ratio and the preserving period was showed in lung and heart sample.The STR recalling ration in lung sample was higher than that in the other types of paraffin embedded sample.Conclusion Preserving period,tissue type,extracting method of DNA and the PCR template concentration were the most important influential factors for successfully STR genotyping paraffin embedded samples,which fixed with unbuffered formalin for the same time. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Full Sibling Identification Based on the Number of Matched STR Locus FANG JIAN-XIN;ZHAO SHU-MIN;LI CHENG-TAO;ZHANG SU-HUA;LI LI(.SHANGHAI KEY LABORATORY OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE;MINISTRY OF JUSTICE;P.R.CHINA;SHANGHAI 000;CHINA;.SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES;FUDAN UNIVERSITY;SHANGHAI 00;C 2009, 0(5): 341-344.  Abstract ( 1849 )   Objective To establish and evaluate the method of matched locus numbers in full sibling identifica-tion.Methods Two hundred and eighty full sibling(FS) pairs and 2 003 unrelated individual(UI) pairs were genotyped with Identifiler system.The number of locus matched with 0 identical allele(A0),matched with 1 allele(A1) or matched with 2 alleles(A2) were counted and full sibling index(FSI) were calculated based on ITO method.Fisher discriminant functions were established based on the numbers of matched STR locus or FSI.Power of different Fisher discriminant functions was statistically analyzed.Results The distribution of A1 and A2 in FS group and that of A0 and A1 in UI group were in accord with normal distribution.Contrarily,A0 in FS group and A2 in UI group fitted to skew distribution,respectively.Differ-ence of A1 distribution was not statistically significant in the two groups(P>0.01).The established Fisher discriminant functions based on A0 and A2 for each group were ZFS=0.998 17 A0+4.244 42 A2-12.779 70 and ZUI=2.014 56 A0+1.546 58 A2-7.280 76,respectively,the average error probability of which was as low as 0.049 0.The power of discrimination for full sibling showed no statistically significant difference between ITO method and the established Fisher discriminant functions.Conclusion The number of matched STR locus in Iden-tifiler system is a valuable method in full sibling identification.The discriminating power of the estab-lished Fisher discriminant functions based on the matched STR locus number is similar with that of classic ITO method in full sibling identification. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Polymorphic Distribution of FUT2/01 in Northern Han Chinese Population TIAN XIAO-FEI;LI ZHONG-JIE;WANG BAO-JIE;DING MEI;XUAN JIN-FENG;XING JIA-XIN;LI CHUN-MEI;PANG HAO(DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC SEROLOGY;SCHOOL OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;CHINA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY;SHENYANG 000;CHINA) 2009, 0(5): 345-347.  Abstract ( 2071 )   Objective To investigate the sequence features of FUT2/01 locus and its polymorphic distribu-tion in Chinese population,and to discuss its application potential in forensic medicine.Methods The al-leles on FUT 2/01 locus were amplified by PCR and then were sequenced.Furthermore,polymorphic dis-tribution of the locus was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.The genotypes were characterized with fluorescence labeling followed by automatic detection system.Results The sequencing results only showed the length differences which were determined by the tandem repeats variance of the core sequence.There were 9 alleles and 28 genotypes identified from 162 individuals.The discrimination power and excluding probability of paternity were 0.963 9 and 0.626 6,respectively.In addition,the locus could be genotyped by automatic analysis very well.Conclusion The FUT 2/01 locus exhibits high heterozygosity and individual identification power in Chinese Han population,and may be a valuable STR system for application in forensic medicine. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Correlation between Ketamine-induced Schizophrenia-like Signs in Mice and the Expressions of NRG1,ErbB4 mRNA BIAN SHI-ZHONG;LIU WEI-LI;ZHANG ZHI-XIANG;GU ZHEN-LUN;JIANG XIAO-GANG;GUO CI-YI(.DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;MEDICAL COLLEGE OF SOOCHOW UNIVERSITY;SUZHOU;CHINA;.SUZHOU INSTITUTE OF CHINESE MATERIA MEDICAL;SUZHOU 00;CHINA;.LABOR 2009, 0(5): 348-351+.  Abstract ( 1986 )   Objective To explore the correlation between signs similar to schizophrenia in mice after ketamine administration and the expressions of NRG1 and ErbB4 mRNA in order to explain the possible pathogenesis of schizophrenia.Methods Fifty KM mice were randomly divided into 5 groups which were administered in-traperitoneally with saline,clozapine and different dosages ketamine.The ketamine groups were administered intraperitoneally with low dosage(25 mg/kg),middle dosage(50 mg/kg) and high dosage(100 mg/kg) one time every day for 7 days.After administration of 100 mg/kg ketamine for 7 days,the clozapine group was intro-gastrically administered 20 mg/kg with clozapine one time every day for 7 days.The pathological changes of hippocampus neurons were observed by HE stain.The expressions of the NRG1 and ErbB4 mRNA in hip-pocampus were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Results In the group with high dosage of ketamine,the levels of NRG1 and ErbB4 mRNA were significantly lower than that of the group with saline.Conclusion Ketamine may induce signs similar to schizophrenia in KM mice.The mechanism may be involved in the reduction of NRG1 and ErbB4 mRNA expression. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Application of Diminished Criminal Responsibility Rating Scale to Mental Retardation Offenders GUAN WEI;CAI WEI-XIONG;HUANG FU-YIN;WU JIA-SHENG(SHANGHAI KEY LABORATORY OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE;MINISTRY OF JUSTICE;P.R.CHINA;SHANGHAI 000;CHINA) 2009, 0(5): 352-354.  Abstract ( 2090 )   Objective To explore the application of Diminished Criminal Responsibility Rating Scale(DCRRS) to mental retardation offenders.Methods The DCRRS was used to 121 cases of mental retardation offend-ers who were divided into three groups according to the degree of their diminished criminal responsibility.Results There were significant differences in rating score among the three groups(mild group 22.12±4.69,moderate group 25.50±5.48,major group 27.59±5.69),and 17 items had good correlation with the total score of the scale with the correlation coefficient from 0.289 to 0.665.Six factors were extracted by the factor analysis,and 69.392% variation could be explained.Conclusion The DCRRS has rational items,its total score could show the difference among the three degree diminished criminal responsibility of mental retardation offenders. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effect of Expanding Training on Prisoners’ Mental Health LIU SHENG-LI(PRISON ADMINISTRATION BUREAU OF JIANGSU PROVINCE;NANJING 00;CHINA) 2009, 0(5): 355-358.  Abstract ( 1872 )   Objective To study the effect of expanding training on the mental health of the prisoners and to provide the references to the innovation of the mental health education for the prisoners.Methods Question-naire,observation,interview and mathematical statistic analysis were used.100 male and 100 female pris-oners from two prisons in East China were investigated by Symptom Checklist 90(SCL-90).Results Eight of the ten factors in SCL-90 showed the level of statistically significance,which includes obsessive-com-pulsive symptoms,interpersonal sensitivity,depression,anxiety,compulsion,hostility,psychoticism and others.Expanding training could be helpful to improve the mental health of the prisoners.Conclusion Expanding training can be used in mental health education of the prisoners. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Stability of the Tetramine in Blood Samples under Different Temperatures BU JUN;LIU WEI;YAN HUI(SHANGHAI KEY LABORATORY OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE;MINISTRY OF JUSTICE;P.R.CHINA;SHANGHAI 000;CHINA) 2009, 0(5): 359-361.  Abstract ( 2083 )   Objective To study the stability of tetramine in blood samples under different environment tempera-tures.Methods The tetramine samples in 0.5 μg/mL concentration were stored in the environment temperature at 45 ℃,25 ℃ and 4 ℃.The tetramine concentration were measured by GC-MS in 1,3,12,18 and 39 days,respectively.And then the results of measurement were analyzed by SPSS software.Results At 45 ℃ and 25 ℃,the concentration of tetramine changed without distinctly in first 3 days and declined significantly from 4 days to 12 days.Thereafter it declined more slowly.At 4 ℃,the concentration of tetramine changed without distinctly in 12 days and declined significantly from 13 days to 18 days.Thereafter it declined more slowly.Conclusion The concentration of tetra mine in blood samples is stable in 3 days.Thereafter it declined gradually.Temperature also influences the concentration of tetra mine. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Analysis of 324 Cases of Forensic Psychiatry Expert Testimony in Chongqing DU XIANG-DONG;MENG HUA-QING(.MENTAL HEALTH CENTER;THE FIRST AFFILIATED HOSPITAL;CHONGQING MEDICAL UNIVERSITY;CHONGQING 000;CHINA;.SUZHOU GUANGJI HOSPITAL;SUZHOU 00;CHINA) 2009, 0(5): 362-364.  Abstract ( 2086 )   Objective To study the current situation and features of forensic psychiatric identification in Chongqing.Methods The demographic data and criminological characteristics of 324 cases were analyzed using self-made questionnaire.Results There were 322 cases in which opinions to diagnosis and law-related items were both given.One hundred and forty-five cases were schizophrenias(45.03%),51 were mental retardation(15.84%),78 were others(24.22%),and 48 showed no psychosis(14.91%).In legal conclusion,211 cases(65.53%) were evaluated for criminal responsibility and 41(12.65%) were evaluated for competence of sex defense.Conclusion Most cases has psychosis shows the importance and necessity of forensic psychiatric iden-tification,and various jurisprudence conclusions indicated the diversity and complexity of these cases. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Forty-five Cases on Re-assessing the Personal Disability ZHANG YUN-LOU;WANG LI-XIN(.HANGZHOU QIUZHENG FORENSIC JUDICIAL APPRAISAL INSTITUTE;HANGZHOU 00;CHINA;.LINPIN PEOPLE’S PROCURATORATE OF YUHANG;HANGZHOU 00;CHINA) 2009, 0(5): 365-367+.  Abstract ( 2014 )   Objective To discuss the reasons for the alterations of the conclusions in re-assessment for personal disability in road traffic accidents,work-related accidents and other accidents.Methods Forty five cases of re-assessing the personal disability from 2007 to 2009 in our institute were collected and analyzed.Results The disability grade of 12 cases(26.7%) was altered in re-assessment.The reasons for the alternation included assessment standard items misquoted,assessment time mischosen,injury misdiag-nosed and omitted,artificial prostheses mismanaged,injury-disease relationship erroneous judgment and disability grade promoted incorrectly.Conclusion The attention for assessment of disability grade should been paid to correct time for assessment,correct items of identification standard,appropriate medical and forensic technology,and correct understand about all relevant regulations. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Sixty Cases with Eyes Injuries Degree in Forensic Medicine LI ZHAN-CHENG;HUI NA(.CRIMINAL POLICE BRANCH;YULIN PUBLIC SECURITY BUREAU;YULIN 000;CHINA;.DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLO-GY;SUIDE PUBLIC SECURITY BUREAU;SUIDE 000;CHINA) 2009, 0(5): 368-369.  Abstract ( 2014 )   Objective To discuss the characteristics and main problems of eye injuries in forensic identifi-cation.Methods Sixty cases of eye injury in forensic expertise were retrospectively analyzed according to sex,age,employment,trauma-causing instrument and injury type,respectively.Results Of the 60 cases there are 61.7% being peasants and workers,85.0% suffering from blunt trauma and 63.3% suffering from simple contusion.Conclusion Eyes injuries was mostly caused by blunt trauma.Pathological change of fundus was an important factor affecting the vision function.The injury-causing instruments,injury sites and medical history of eyes should be considered while evaluating the vision. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Analysis of 112 Cases with Diffuse Axonal Injury PAN GUO-NAN;LU LING(TECHNICAL DIVISION OF WENZHOU PEOPLE’S PROCURATORATE;WENZHOU 000;CHINA) 2009, 0(5): 370-372.  Abstract ( 2030 )   Objective To investigate the relationship between the diffuse axonal injury(DAI) and cerebral con-tusion, primary brain stem injury and brain concussion. Methods One hundred and twelve cases with DAIwere analyzed according to the characteristics of clinical signs and imaging features. Results Of 112 casesof DAI, 70.5% injured in traffic accident, 60.7% injured with blunt trauma more than one time and71.4% injured with cerebral contusion. And 90 cases with brain with hemorrhage were found in CT orMRI imaging. Conclusion DAI may be associated with cortical contusion and primary brain stem injury.The CT or MRI is useful to investigate the cause of death and to evaluate the personal disability. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Progress in Skeletal Age Estimation with Measurement Method of X-ray Film WAN LEI;YING CHONG-LIANG;ZHU GUANG-YOU;WANG YA-HUI;LIU HUI;(.DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;MEDICAL COLLEGE OF SOOCHOW UNIVERSITY;SUZHOU;CHINA;.SHANGHAI KEY LABORATORY OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE;MINISTRY OF JUSTIC 2009, 0(5): 373-375+.  Abstract ( 1755 )   Age estimation by the measurement method is to get the data such as the length,width,thickness,area of the ossification center,transverse diameter of the metaphysis,transverse diameter of osteoepiphysis,width of the epiphyseal line and the ratio between the diaph and the epiphyseal,by measuring the different bones of human in different ages with the radiological technology and to explore the relationship between these data and the life age by statistics.According to the relationships the personal life age may be esti-mated.In this article the measurement methods above mentioned and its application in age estimation were reviewed. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

DNA-based Personal Identification in Disaster WEI WEI;YUN LI-BING;HOU YI-PING(DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC BIOLOGY;WEST CHINA SCHOOL OF PRECLINICAL AND FORENSIC MEDICINE;SICHUAN UNI-VERSITY;CHENGDU 00;CHINA) 2009, 0(5): 376-379.  Abstract ( 2126 )   The disaster is a sudden unexpected event that causes serious human injuries and deaths as well as missing persons.The main tasks of forensic DNA laboratories are to identify victim in the disaster.After reviewed the previous disasters and related studies,we proposed a new procedure of DNA identification for the use of disaster in the future,which includes preparation works,samples collection,samples storage,DNA extraction,typing,data analysis and interpretation of results.Some experiences and problems about the DNA identification are also discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Psychological Autopsy and Its Limitation in Application TU WEN-QIANG;ZHAO HU(THE LABORATORY OF FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOLOGY;DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;ZHONGSHAN MEDICAL COLLEGE;SUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITY;GUANGZHOU 000;CHINA) 2009, 0(5): 380-382.  Abstract ( 2184 )   The suicide were analyzed depending only on the death scene and cadaver features but not on the psychological autopsy(PA) that also enables the determination of the manner of death in China for a long time.There are significant differences between PA and the traditional risk assessment of suicide.The goals of PA are to find out the features of individuality,the patterns of behavior and the possible motives of suicide.The methods of PA involve investigating,collecting and analyzing all related information of the deceased.There are many limitations of PA in application mainly due to the lack of the standard proce-dures.Although an improved procedure has recently developed by Berman,many problems need to be solved before the actual application of PA in China. Related Articles | Metrics