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Expressions and Time-dependent Changes of FAK and phospho-FAK during Skin Incised Wound Healing in Mouse YANG DA-LI;GUAN DA-WEI;ZHANG JIAN-JUN(SCHOOL OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;CHINA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY;SHENYANG 000;CHINA) 2008, 0(2): 81-84.  Abstract ( 2175 )   Objective To study the expressions of focal adhesion kinase(FAK) and phospho-FAK(p-FAK) during skin incised wound healing and the applicability of time-dependent expressions of FAK and p-FAK.Methods The expression of FAK and p-FAK in cutaneous incised wound in mouse were investigated by immunohistochmeistry and Western blotting.Results FAK and p-FAK expression were detected in polymorphonuclear cells(PMNs) in the wound and adjacent regions 3 hours post-injury.The expressions of FAK and p-FAK were detected in a large number of infiltrating PMNs and some of mononuclear cells(MNCs) from 6 to 24 hours after injury.The MNCs and fibroblastic cells(FBCs) accounted for most part of the FAK and p-FAK positive cells from 3 to 14 days after injury.The numbers of FAK-positive cells increased continuously,reaching a peak at post-injury day 3,and then started to decrease from post-injury day 5 to 14.The changes of p-FAK-positive cells were similar to that of the FAKs,and reached a peak at 12 hours after injury.Conclusion Both FAK and p-FAK displayed a time-dependent expression during skin incised wound healing in mouse,with p-FAK being superior to FAK.Both FAK and p-FAK may potentially be used as new markers for determination of the wound interval. Related Articles | Metrics

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Estimation of Postmortem Interval with Single-Voxel Proton 1H-MR Spectroscopy at Different Temperature YANG TIAN-TONG;LI ZHEN-WEI;LIU LIANG;ZHEN NA(.DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;TONGJI MEDICAL COLLEGE;HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY;WUHAN 000;CHINA;.TONGJI HOSPITAL;TONGJI MEDICAL COLLEGE;HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLO 2008, 0(2): 85-89.  Abstract ( 1846 )   Objective To find an objective method for estimation of postmortem interval(PMI) with single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy at different temperature.Methods Changes of metabolite peak area and peak area ratio of the Nacetylaspartateand(Naa),choline(Cho) and total creatine(Cr) in the brain of 24 rabbit models were measured by 1H-MR spectroscopy(1H-MRS) at 0.5,1,2,4,6,8,12,16 and 24 h,respectively after death.Results Naa and Cr decreased continuously with the extension of PMI,and the ratios of Naa/Cr and Cho/Cr also decreased continuously with the extension of PMI within 24 h.The quadratic polynomial regression equation is y=0.001 9 x2-0.803 x+1.449 8(R2=0.962)(Equation 1) with the Naa/Cr used as an independent variable,while the quadratic polynomial regression equation is y=-0.0024x2+0.926x+1.177 7(R2=0.986)(Equation 2) with the Cho/Cr used as an independent variable.The average deviations were about 2.10-37.90 min and 1.69-40.87 min,respectively if the PMI was estimated by Equation 1 and Equation 2,respectively.Conclusion Our study indicates that there is a strong correlation between Naa/Cr,Cho/Cr and PMI,which may be used for estimation of PMI at different temperature. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of cTnT in Rabbit Hearts during Myocardial Ischemia and its PostMortem Stability XIONG XIAO-MING;DENG SHI-XIONG(.DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY;LUZHOU MEDICAL COLLEGE;LUZHOU 000;CHINA;.DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC PATHOLOGY;CHONGQING MEDICAL UNIVERSITY;CHONGQING 000 CHINA) 2008, 0(2): 90-93+1.  Abstract ( 2130 )   Objective To study the postmortem stability of cTnT as well as its expression alteration,and to evaluate it in the diagnosis of early myocardial ischemia in forensic practice.Methods Animal model of early myocardial ischemia was established by rabbit coronary artery ligation.The expression of cTnT in myocardium at different postmortem intervals was detected using immunohistochemistry and analyzed using imaging technique and statistics.The results were then compared between the experimental and control groups.Results In ischemic myocardium,the expression of cTnT showed prominent focal or flaky depletion in myocardial cytoplasm with no expression detected in interstitium.The expression level showed a linear decrease with prolonged postmortem interval,and disappeared completely on day 14 after death while stored at 4℃.However,there were significant differences in the expression levels of cTnT between experimental and control groups from day 1 to day 7 after death.Conclusion Immunohistochemical detection of cTnT for diagnosis of early myocardial ischemia in corpses stored at 4℃ must be performed within 7 days after death. Related Articles | Metrics

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Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis and Postmortem Autolysis of Pancreas YE GUANG-HUA;ZHANG YI-GU;YU LIN-SHENG;LI XING-BIAO;HAN JUN-GE(DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;WENZHOU MEDICAL COLLEGE;WENZHOU 0;CHINA) 2008, 0(2): 94-96+1.  Abstract ( 2161 )   Objective To compare the pathomorphologic changes between the pancreas in acute necrotizing pancreatitis(ANP) and that in acute deaths of rats(within 48 hours) so as to find the distinctions.Methods The animal models of ANP and other acute deaths(electroshock,mechanic asphyxia/strangle,and acute poisoning with tetramine) were established according to the criteria.Half-quantitative grading and image quantitative analysis methods were employed to observe the gross and microscopic changes of the pancreases.Results Three features including inflammation infiltrate,fat necrosis and calcium deposit in the ANP group were considerably different from that in other acutely died rat group(P<0.05).Conclusion Inflammation infiltrate,fat necrosis and calcium deposit are the most important pathologic features found in ANP by common light microscope,distinguishing ANP from postmortem pancreatic autolysis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Apoptosis in Rat Corpus Cavernous Penis after Neruotomy of Bilateral Dorsal Nerve of Penis and /or Cavernous Nerve RUAN YI-SHENG;ZHU GUANG-YOU(.SHANGHAI KEY LABORATORY OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE;MINISTRY OF JUSTICE;P.R.CHINA;SHANGHAI 000;CHINA;.MEDICAL COLLEGE OF SOOCHOW UNIVERSITY;SUZHOU;CHINA) 2008, 0(2): 97-101+.  Abstract ( 2033 )   Objective To observe the apoptosis in penile corpus cavernous after neurotomy.Methods After neurotomy,78 SD rats were randomly assigned to experimental and normal control groups at day 1,2,4,8,16,and 32 time point.The quality was measured by DNA Ladder and the quantitation was measured by TUNEL.The location of apoptosis was detected by dual stained with immunohistochemistry and TUNEL.Results After transaction of cavernous nerve,dorsal never,and both nerves,the apoptosis in experimental and control group showed a statistically significant difference(P<0.004 6);however there was no statistically significant difference after bilateral dorsal nerve transaction alone(P>0.004 6).There was a statistically significant difference in apoptosis between cavernous smooth muscle cell and endothelial cell groups(P<0.05).Conclusion Cavernous nerve transection induces apoptosis in smooth muscle cells of the rat penis,but nor does dorsal nerve transaction alone.There is no statistically significant difference in apoptosis between cavernous nerve injury alone and combination injuries of cavernous nerve and dorsal nerve. Related Articles | Metrics

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Dynamic Changes of LDH and HBDH Activity in Rabbit Serum after Low Voltage Electrical Injury XU YUN-QIANG;JIN YAN-KUI;REN JUN-QING;ZUO MIN;WANG SONG-JUN(.THE SECOND HOSPITAL OF SHIJIAZHUANG;SHIJIAZHUANG 000;CHINA;.SHIJIAZHUANG PEOPLE'S PROCURATORATE;SHIJIAZHUANG 0000;CHINA;.FORENSIC DEPARTMENT OF HEBEI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY;SHIJIAZHUANG 2008, 0(2): 102-104.  Abstract ( 1940 )   Objective To investigate changes of LDH and HBDH activity in rabbit serum after non-thermal low voltage electrical injury and to provide diagnostic criteria for non-thermal low voltage electrical injury.Methods Forty New Zealand rabbits were randomly distributed into control group and electrical injury group(EI-groups;designated 7 time points:0 h,2 h,4 h,12 h,1 d,2 d,3 d),5 rabbits per each group.EI-groups were treated with the method of non-thermal low voltage electrical injury established in our laboratory.Ventricular blood(5 mL) was obtained under anesthesia at designated time points after electrical injury.The activities of LDH and HBDH were measured.Results Dynamic changes were observed with certain patterns from target serum enzyme activities after electrical injury.Compared with control group,the activities of LDH increased markedly at 4 h,12 h,and on days 1,2,and 3 after injury(4 h,12 h,and day 1 P<0.01;day 2 and day 3 P<0.05).Activities of HBDH increased markedly at day 2 and day 3 after injury(P<0.05).The ratio of HBDH/LDH decreased markedly at 2 h,4 h,and 12 h after injury(P<0.01).Conclusion Dynamic changes of LDH and HBDH activities may be useful in diagnosis of non-thermal low voltage electrical injury and in estimation of post injury intervals. Related Articles | Metrics

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Automobile versus Pedestrian Accidents Analysis by Fixed-parameters Computer Simulation MAO MING-YUAN;CHEN YI-JIU;LIU NING-GUO;ZOU DONG-HUA;LIU JUN-YONG;JIN XIAN-LONG(.MEDICAL SCHOOL OF SOOCHOW UNIVERSITY;SUZHOU;CHINA;.SHANGHAI KEY LABORATORY OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE;MINISTRY OF JUSTICE;P.R.CHINA;SH 2008, 0(2): 105-109.  Abstract ( 1697 )   Objective Using computer simulation to analyze the effects of speed,type of automobile and impacted position on crash-course and injuries of pedestrians in automobile vs.pedestrian accidents.Methods Automobiles(bus,minibus,car and truck) and pedestrian models were constructed with multi-body dynamics computing method.The crashes were simulated at different impact speeds(20,30,40,50 and 60 km/h) and different positions(front,lateral and rear of pedestrians).Crash-courses and their biomechanical responses were studied.Results If the type of automobile and impact position were the same,the crash-courses were similar(impact speed ≤60 km/h).There were some characteristics in the head acceleration,upper neck axial force and leg axial force.Conclusion Multi-body dynamics computer simulation of crash can be applied to analyze crash-course and injuries(head,neck and leg) of pedestrians. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mathematical Models of Forensic Bone Age Assessment of Living Subjects in Chinese Han Female Teenagers WANG YA-HUI;ZHU GUANG-YOU;WANG PENG;FAN LI-HUA;ZHANG GUO-ZHEN;YING CHONG-LIANG;LU XIAO;CHENG YI-BIN(.MEDICAL SCHOOL OF SOOCHOW UNIVERSITY;SUZHOU;CHINA;.SHANGHAI KEY LABRATORY OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE;MINISTRY 2008, 0(2): 110-113.  Abstract ( 1712 )   Objective To establish mathematical models which are used to assess bone age of living subjects in Chinese Han female teenagers.Methods Radiographs were taken from 838 normal Chinese female subjects aged from 11 to 20 years old including sternal end of clavical and the left side of shoulder,elbow,carpal,hip,knee and ankle joints,which were from Middle China,South China and East China.Then read and grade the 24 osteal loci in accordance with the grading criteria of skeletal growth of teenagers.Meanwhile,the influencing factors such as:height,body mass and location are all taken into account.To explore the associativity between each index and chronological age,all the statistic procedures were finished by SAS 8.1 and SPSS 11.0.Results To construct several combining multiple regression mathematical models that use the arrested extent of epiphysis of sternal end of clavical and six joints to assess the chronological age of living subjects in Chinese Han female teenagers,and establish some Fisher's discriminatory analysis equations which are used to determine whether the chronological age of Chinese Han female teenagers has been to 14,16 and 18 years old or not.Conclusion These mathematical models which used to assess the age of living subjects has profused the methods of forensic bone age identification of living subjects.It also made the methods and conclusions much more scientific and accurate. Related Articles | Metrics

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Indexes of Forensic Identification by the Digital Orthopantomogram of the Normal Teeth GAO DONG;WANG QING-HONG;YE JIA-QING;WANG HU;ZHANG ZHAO-HUI;DENG ZHEN-HUA(.DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC PATHOLOGY;WEST CHINA SCHOOL OF PRECLINICAL AND FORENSIC MEDICINE;SICHUAN UNIVERSITY;CHENGDU 00;CHINA;.SHANGHAI KEY LABRATORY OF FORENSIC MEDICIN 2008, 0(2): 114-117.  Abstract ( 1956 )   Objective To explore more concise and unified forensic identification indexes for people with none dental disease in digital orthopantomogram.Methods To select randomly 170 digital orthopantomogram with none dental disease.Then to select indexes for full dentition patterns and dental alignment patterns according to the dental physiological variations and the characters of dental alignment respectively.Finally diversity of the indexes would be evaluated by statistical analysis.Results The group with none dental disease had 74 kinds of full dentition pattern in 170 samples,thus its diversity was 43.53%.The group had 129 kinds of dental alignment pattern,thus its diversity was 75.88%.The group had 150 kinds of full dentition/dental alignment pattern,thus its diversity was 88.24%.Conclusion The diversity of the full dentition pattern was not very good.So the full dentition coding was not very effective when it was used solely.The diversity of dental alignment pattern was good.So the method of dental alignment coding could be used in the maxillofacial forensic identification.If the group was coded by the full dentition and dental alignment pattern at the same time,its diversity was better than any single pattern.So the method would be valuable in forensic identification. Related Articles | Metrics

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Stature Estimation from Length of Tibias and Fibulas Measured in Computed Radiography of Living Body FAN TAO;CHEN XIAO-GANG;ZHOU XIAO-RONG;ZHANG ZHAO-HUI;DENG ZHEN-HUA;WANG HUI-XIANG(.DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC PATHOLOGY;WEST CHINA COLLEGE OF PRECLINICAL AND FORENSIC MEDICINE;SICHUAN UNIVERSITY;CHENGDU 00;CHINA;.SHANGHAI KEY LABORATORY OF FORENSI 2008, 0(2): 118-121.  Abstract ( 1861 )   Objective By measuring lengths of tibias and fibulas in computed radiography(CR) of living body,regression formulae for stature estimation were obtained from these measurements that were adapted to the population of northern adults of Han.Methods The length of tibias and fibulas were measured in radiography,including 422 subjects(207 men and 215 women).The body height of each subject was also recorded.Linear regression analysis between body height and the length of tibias and fibulas,analysis of variance of hypothesis test of linear regression model and t-test of the partial regression coefficient were applied to establish the regression equations for stature estimation.Then the paired t-test between the predictive value and the actual body height,the residual analysis,the tests of equal scedasticity and colinearity had been done to evaluate whether the equations accord with the model.Results Thirty five regression equations which were statistical significant were obtained.The multiple correlation coefficient was from 0.909 to 0.823 and the standard error of the estimation was between 2.48-3.87cm.Conclusion The lengths of tibias and fibulas on the CR films could be helpful to estimate stature.These equations could be used to estimate the body height of the Han population in North China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Sex Determination by Discriminant Analysis of Calcaneal Measurements on the Lateral Digital Radiography ZHANG ZHAO-HUI;CHEN XIAO-GANG;LI WEN-KAI;YANG SHAO-QI;DENG ZHEN-HUA;YU JIAN-QUN;YANG ZHI-GANG;HUANG LIN(.DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC PATHOLOGY;WEST CHINA COLLEGE OF PRECLINICAL AND FORENSIC MEDICINE;SICHUAN UNIVERSITY;CHENGDU 00;CHINA;.BAZHONG PU 2008, 0(2): 122-125.  Abstract ( 1677 )   Objective Five measurements of the calcaneus taken on digital radiography(DR) of adults of Han Population of Sichuan Province were selected to determine sex by multivariate discriminant analysis.Methods Lateral radiographs of calcaneus taken from 393 subjects were collected.The samples were randomly divided into the experimental group(148 males and 186 females) and the examined group(26 males and 33 females).Five measurements were taken from the radiography.The analysis of variance(AVON) was carried out to determine if there was significant difference between the male and female.The discriminant functions were drawn by Fisher discriminant analysis.The effects of all obtained functions were evaluated with the examined samples.Results There was statistically significant difference in the five measurements between the males and the females(P<0.05).Six groups of discriminant functions were obtained with an accuracy ranged from 78.4% to 88.9%.When applied on the examined samples,the sex discriminant accuracy varied from 79.7% to 86.4%.Conclusion These five measurements acquired from the lateral radiographs of calcaneus could be used for sex assessment during forensic identification of individuals. Related Articles | Metrics

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DNA Typing of Minimal Oral Epithelial Cell Samples YANG DIAN;LIU CHAO;XU QU-YI;HU HUI-YING;LIU HONG;(.INSTITUTE OF GENE ENGINEERING;SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY;GUANGZHOU 0;CHINA;.GUANGZHOU CRIMINAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE;GUANGZHOU 000;CHINA) 2008, 0(2): 126-128.  Abstract ( 2119 )   Objective To seek simple and cost-effective extraction technique to improve multiplex STR amplification from minimal oral epithelial cell samples.Methods One hundred DNA samples of oral epithelial cells extracted by mini system Chelex-100 method were quantitated by ABI 7500 Real Time System and were then typed with IdentifilerTM system in ABI 3130 Genetic Analyzer.Results The DNA contents of different categories of samples were as followings:suck pipes(0.72-116.78 ng),cup edges(2.15-142.5 ng),mouths of drink bottle(1-34.65 ng),chopsticks(3.35-26.6 ng),fruit cores(0.294-21.4 ng),and poultry bones(0.88-5.88 ng).The mean successful typing rate for gender and more than 9 STR loci was about 59.38%.Except the addition or no addition of proteinase K to the samples,all other factors-C users' variation,sample extraction methods,and qualities and properties of the samples had considerable effects on the contents of extracted DNA.Conclusion Successful STR typing can be achieved in about 60% minimal oral epithelial cell DNA samples extracted by mini Chelex system. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Appropriate Amount of Template DNA for Sinofiler Kit by Real Time Quantitative PCR Technique LI CHENG-TAO;GUO HONG;LIN YUAN;LIU YAN;QUE TING-ZHI;LI LI(.SHANGHAI KEY LABORATORY OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE;MINISTRY OF JUSTICE;P.R.CHINA;SHANGHAI 000;CHINA;.SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES;FUDAN UNIVERSITY;SHANGHAI 00;C 2008, 0(2): 129-130+.  Abstract ( 1991 )   Objective To explore the appropriate amount of template DNA for Sinofiler Kit.Methods The DNA samples with ideally genotyped results by Sinofiler Kit were detected by real-time quantitative PCR assay.Results It was shown that 1.29-1.51 ng of template DNA in 12.5 μL reaction volume was optimal for STR genotyping with Sinofiler Kit.Conclusion Real time quantitative PCR is an accurate and necessary technique for detection of appropriate amount of template DNA for different kits. Related Articles | Metrics

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Diagnosis of "Unspecified Psychotic Disorder" in Identifying Criminal Responsibility QIU CHANG-JIAN;LUO YU-PENG;ZHANG BO;HUO KE-JUN;ZHANG WEI(.MENTAL HEALTH CENTER;WEST CHINA HOSPITAL;SICHUAN UNIVERSITY;CHENGDU 00;CHINA;.SICHUAN FORENSIC EXPERTISE CENTER IN SOUTHWEST CHINA;CHENGDU 00;CHINA;.WEST CHINA SCHOOL OF PRECLINICAL 2008, 0(2): 131-133.  Abstract ( 2039 )   Objective To explore diagnosis and management of "unspecified psychotic disorder" in determination of criminal responsibility.Methods Analysis of 12 cases of "unspecified psychotic disorder" during determination of criminal responsibility in Sichuan Forensic Expertise Center in Southwest China from January 2006 to July 2007.Results The main reason to diagnose unspecified psychotic disorder was there were insufficient information and findings.Descriptions of mental abnormalities were not complete and were atypical(83.3%).Even if "unspecified psychotic disorder" was diagnosed,it was still possible to determine criminal responsibility by its motivation and intention to escape.75% suspects were determined to bear limited criminal responsibility and 25% were not criminally responsible.Conclusion The unspecified psychotic disorder is a provisional diagnosis.It should be used cautiously in the course of jurisdictional identification of mental diseases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis for Skeletal Age less than "Age" in Judicial Expertise in 303 Cases QIAN LI;WANG GUO-HONG;LI FU-XING;ZHONG HE-XIONG;XIA ZHAN-TONG;ZHU YI-MING;XU JIAN-MIN;ZANG DA(.DEPARTMENT OF RADIOLOGY;THE SECOND CLINICAL COLLEGE;JINAN UNIVERSITY;SHENZHEN 00;CHINA;.EXPERT COMMITTEE ON FORENSIC SCIENCE;SHENZHEN MUNICIPAL JU 2008, 0(2): 134-137.  Abstract ( 2224 )   Objective To discuss the phenomenon and the possible causes for the skeletal age less than the "real age" in the judicial expertise.Methods With referring to the skeletal age verification value provided by the inspection sample pertaining to CHN scoring method,combining with the relevant materials such as "age" and "residence" information provided by the police authority while performing expertise,as well as tracking down and re-visiting some cases,we retrospectively analyzed 829 cases.Results There were 303 cases for the skeletal age less than "real age" in total,which accounted for 36.6%(303/829),and accounted for 40.8%(303/742) in 742 cases with "age" cases.If the normal age range between both was less than 0.5 year(including 0.5),the numbers of such cases decreased to 190 cases,which accounted for 22.9%(190/829) and 25.6%(190/742),respectively.When the difference was within 0.5,the "age" close to the skeletal age would be more reliable.It was difficult to confirm which one was wrong if the difference was 0.6-2.0 years.However,the error possibility in "age" would increase with increasing the difference value.Conclusion Many uncertain factors may lead to that the skeletal age was less than the "age".The occurring rate for the skeletal age less than "age" is not low.The identification conclusion shall be made with caution after comprehensive assessment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Unifying the Scaling Method of the Loss Degree of Joint Motion WANG JIA-WEN;YU XIAO-JUN;HUANG PENG-HUA(DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;MEDICAL COLLEGE OF SHANTOU UNIVERSITY;SHANTOU 0;CHINA) 2008, 0(2): 138-142.  Abstract ( 2181 )   The scaling method of the loss degree of joint motion is very common in clinical forensic medicine.However,there is no uniform criterion until now.Therefore,this had made a negative effect to ensure the impartiality and justice in law and the identification.The advantages and disadvantages of the four methods recorded in literatures by practical case,which include major and minor methods,additional methods,directive average methods,axial directive average methods,were discussed and compared.Now three basic critics about how to choosing the applicable technique in forensic medicine were supposed according to the impartiality and justice principle,scientific and objective principle,simple and easy principle.It was hoped that we can reach a consensus in our legal-medical circumscription that all of us can choose the Axial Directive Average Methods as our standard for the loss degree of joint motion,to avoid the disadvantages of this aspect. Related Articles | Metrics