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28 February 2008, Volume 24 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Expression of Brain Natriuretic Peptide and c-fos Gene in Rat after Acute Myocardial Ischemia and Its Medicolegal Significance XU YONG-CHENG;JING XIAO-LI;KE YONG;WANG ZHEN-YUAN (. DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE;MEDICAL COLLEGE;XI′AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY;XI′AN 00;CHINA;. YINZHOU BRANCH OF NINGBO PUBLIC SECURITY BUREAU;NINGBO 00;CHINA;. GAOXIN BRANCH OF XI′ 2008, 0(1): 1-4.  Abstract ( 1852 )   Objective To study the mRNA expression of BNP and c-fos gene in rat heart after acute myocardial ischemia (AMI) and to provide a marker for its medicolegal diagnosis. Methods AMI animal model of rat was made by ligating LAD. mRNA expression of BNP and c-fos gene were studied with RT-qPCR and ordinary PCR at 10 min, 30 min, 60 min and 3 h after the successful ligation. The H&E staining was also used. Changes of the mRNA expression in different time groups were compared. Results There was significant difference in BNP mRNA expression of the 3 h group by RT-qPCR compared with normal control group, 10 min, 30 min, and 60 min groups (P<0.05). There were dramatic differences in c-fos mRNA expression between every two groups (P<0.05) except between the normal group and the 10 min group, between the 30 min group and the 3 h group. The peak of c-fos expression was in 60 min group. No difference was shown between groups by the ordinary PCR. Myocardial fiber acidophilia staining and wavy changes could be seen occasionally at 3 h experimental group by H&E staining. Conclusions C-fos gene probably be used as an auxiliary test for myocardial ischemia of duration of 30 minutes or longer. RT-qPCR may be suitable for diagnosis of early AMI. Related Articles | Metrics

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Time-dependent Expression of Caspase-3 during Contused Skeletal Muscle Wound Healing in Rats WANG QI;GUAN DA-WEI;ZHAO RUI;PENG XUE;ZHANG JIAN-JUN;YANG DA-LI (SCHOOL OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;CHINA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY;SHENYANG 000;CHINA) 2008, 0(1): 5-7+11.  Abstract ( 1973 )   Objective To investigate the expression of caspase-3 during contused skeletal muscle wound healing in rats and to explore the applicability of caspase-3 in wound age estimation. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats undergone anesthesia with 2% pentobarbital sodium (45 mg/kg) were struck by a single strike at the skeletal muscle of the right leg, then were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at different post-traumatic intervals. The changes of caspase-3 activity were assessed by imunohistochemistry, Western blot and caspase-3 colorimetric assay. The skeletal muscle of non-contusion rat′s were used as controls. Results No caspase-3 was detected in skeletal muscle in the control group. The expression level of caspase-3 in the peripheral area of contused rat skeletal muscle increased gradually and maximized on the fifth day after injury, and then decreased gradually. Caspase-3 was also detected in the regenerated skeletal muscle within 7-14 days after injury. Conclusion The expression of capase-3 in the peripheral area of contused rat skeletal muscle indicated that it may play a pivotal role in apoptosis of the wounded skeletal muscle and may be used as a marker for wound age estimation. The expression of capase-3 in regenerating skeletal muscle suggests that caspase-3 activity may be used for skeletal muscle differentiation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Coma Criterion and classification Standard of Mild and Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats YU JIAN-YUN;LI JUN-XIANG;GUO ZE-YUN;ZHAO XIAO-LIN;ZHAO XU-DONG (.DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;KUNMING MEDICAL COLLEGE;KUNMING 00;CHINA;.DEPARTMENT OF HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY;KUNMING MEDICAL COLLEGE;KUNMING 00;CHINA;.DEPARTMEN 2008, 0(1): 8-11.  Abstract ( 1738 )   Objective To set up a classification standard of mild and moderate traumatic brain injury,for the purpose of reliable data comparison derived from different laboratories. Methods Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats was prepared by using a metallic pendulum-striker device. After injury, five variable parameters including the time of apnea and the areflexia, time of corneal reflex, external auditory canal stung reaction, body-righting reflex and needling reaction were determined and scored by using rat coma criterion. These data were judged and classified into mild and moderate head injury by brain patho-anatomy changes. Then the data were used to set up a multivariate discriminate equation.Results The distinguished probability of mild and moderate TBI according to actual direct measured value and the criterion were 88.9% and 91.9%, respectively. Conclusion This method is able to classify mild and moderate TBI in rats. Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between Postmortem Intervals and the Changes of Electrical Conductivity in Vitreous Humor in Rabbits after Death ZHOU RUI-QING;ZHANG FU;WANG YE;LIAO ZHI-GANG (WEST CHINA SCHOOL OF PRECLINICAL AND FORENSIC MEDICINE;SICHUAN UNIVERSITY;CHENGDU 00;CHINA) 2008, 0(1): 12-14.  Abstract ( 2149 )   Objective To investigate the correlation between postmortem interval (PMI) and the changes of electrical conductivity in vitreous humor in rabbits after death. Methods The changes of electrical conductivity in vitreous humor in rabbits were measured using the conductivity meter under 30 ℃ during 0-48 hours and 20 ℃ during 0-120 hours after death. Results Electrical conductivity in vitreous humor in rabbits increased gradually under 30 ℃ and 20 ℃ from 0 to 48 hours and from 0-120 hours after death. The formulae of the relationship between PMI and conductivity under 30 ℃ and 20 ℃ were obtained by statistical analysis and the correlation coefficients were 0.970 and 0.983 (both P<0.01), respectively. Conclusion The increase of electrical conductivity in vitreous humor in rabbits after death may be used as the relatively objective parameter for PMI estimation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of Hand-Wrist Bones of 14 Year-old Adolescents II. Standard of Bony Age for Girls LI KAI;YE KE;ZHANG ZHEN;WANG JIAN-WEN;YE LONG-YU;ZHANG QIN-CHU (.DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE;BASIC MEDICAL COLLEGE OF NANJING MEDICAL UNIVERSITY;NANJING 00;CHINA;.LOUXING BRANCH OF LOUDI PUBLIC SECURITY BUREAU;LOUDI 000;CHINA;. 2008, 0(1): 15-17+2.  Abstract ( 1784 )   Objective To study the current development of hand-wrist bones of adolescents in China, and establish special forensic bony age standard for estimating 14 years of criminal responsible age in female adolescents. Methods One hundred and ten healthy girls aged from 13 years and 9 months to 14 years and 3 months in Lengshuijiang district of Hunan province were enrolled in this study. X-ray films of their left hand-wrists were taken dorsaventrally, and 15 sites on the wrist x-ray films were examined and measured under standard condition. The development grade was confirmed by maximal percentage to establish a method to estimate the bony age, which was then checked by single blind method. Results Development grade of the radius, the middle third phalanx and the fourth phalanx was partially closed (>2/3), and the rest was wholly-closed with existence of the epiphyseal line. The development grade of the middle third phalanx and fourth phalanx was different between the younger group (<14 years, partially closed, >2/3) and the older group (>14 years, mostly closed with existence of only epiphyseal line). The cross diameter of the osteoepiphysises were wider than that of all the diaphysises. The confirmed accuracy (in 30 girls) was 83.3%. Conclusion Our study seemes to be feasible in establishing the estimation standard for bony age determination. The standard established by developmental metaphysis and authropometry may be particularly helpful in forensic practice for estimation of accurate criminal responsible age in adolescents. Related Articles | Metrics

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Staging Methods of Skeletal Growth by X-ray in Teenagers ZHU GUANG-YOU;FAN LI-HUA;ZHANG GUO-ZHEN;YING CHONG-LIANG;LU XIAO;XIA WEN-TAO;CHENG YI-BIN;WANG YA-HUI;WANG PENG;(.SHANGHAI KEY LABORATORY OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE;MINISTRY OF JUSTICE;P.R.CHINA;SHANGHAI 0 2008, 0(1): 18-24.  Abstract ( 1821 )   Objective To establish staging criteria for teenager′s skeletal growth by examining osteoarticular X-rays. Methods Review publications on skeletal growth staging systems by domestic and overseas authorities. Abided by the staging principles on theory of cartilage epiphyseal growth and X-ray images of skeletal growth, X-ray imaging characteristics were studied through three hundred male and female teenagers epiphyseal growth of both sternal ends of clavicle and the left side of shoulder, elbow, carpal, hip, knee and ankle joints transversally and longitudinally. The subjects were from 11 to 20 years old, selected from Henan, Hainan and Zhejiang province in China. Twenty-four skeletal growth indexes were selected closely related to age. Results Based on regular changing characteristics of epiphyseal growth at different joints, 24 skeletal development indexes were divided into 2 to 8 stages. The stage number of different indexes of the single joint were similar. It was shown that the time of different epiphyseal growth in identical joints had isochromism. Conclusion These staging criteria have merits of extensive skeletal growth indexes, and are applicable to wide age range with a strong maneuverability. It provides a favorable fundamental platform for forensic evaluating skeletal age in living subjects in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Stature Estimation from the Cervical Vertebrae of Living Male by Measuring X-Ray Films of Computer Radiography ZHANG ZHAO-HUI;CHANG YUN-FENG;ZHOU XIAO-RONG;DENG ZHEN-HUA;YU JIAN-QUN;HUANG LIN (.DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC PATHOLOGY;WEST CHINA SCHOOL OF PRECLINICAL AND FORENSIC MEDICINE;SICHUAN UNIVERSITY;CHENGDU 00;CHINA;. DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC 2008, 0(1): 25-31.  Abstract ( 1778 )   Objective To establish the regression equations and to evaluate the feasibility of measuring dimensions of cervical vertebrae with lateral films of computer radiography (CR). Methods Anterior heights and posterior heights of C3-C7 were measured in the lateral films of the cervical vertebrae in 150 adult males from Sichuan Han population in China. The body height of each individual was recorded. Linear regression analysis between the height of the cervical vertebrae and body height was performed to establish the regression equations for stature estimation. In addition, the paired t-test between the predictive value and the actual body height, the residual analysis, the test of equal scedasticity and colinearity were performed in all equations. Results Thirty one statistically significant simple regression equations and 20 statistically significant multiple regressions equations were established. The coefficiencies of multiple correlations were from 0.656 to 0.259 and the standard errors of estimate were between 4.30 cm and 5.79 cm. Conclusion All equations established could be used to estimate the body height of the Han population of Sichuan adult males. It could be helpful to estimate statures from the CR films based on the dimensions of cervical vertebrae. Related Articles | Metrics

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Detection of MMP-11 from Menstrual Blood Using Immunohistochemistry YAO YA-NAN;LU HUI-LING;CHEN SEN;ZHENG JING;ZHANG YA-QING (.DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC BIOLOGY;ZHONGSHAN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE;SUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITY;GUANGZHOU 000;CHINA;.THE FIRST AFFILIATED HOSPITAL OF SUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITY;GUANGZHOU;000; 2008, 0(1): 32-33+8.  Abstract ( 1883 )   Objective To prove the feasibility of detecting menstrual blood as well as its cellular localization with rabbit-anti-human matrix metalloproteinase-11(MMP-11) polyclonal antibody. Methods MMP-11 in menstrual blood, peripheral blood, vaginal liquid, aged menstrual bloodstain, and endometrium sections were assayed with SAP immunohistochemistry. Results MMP-11 was found only in menstrual samples within stroma and epithelium cells. Conclusion MMP-11 polyclonal antibody may be applied in the distinction between menstrual blood and venous blood. Related Articles | Metrics

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STR Genotyping from Trace Epithelial Cells on Fountain Pen YANG FAN;MEI SHAN-ZONG;LI YONG-HONG;FENG YAN;YU WEI-DONG;ZHANG YUE (.DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;WANNAN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY;WUHU 00;CHINA;.CENTER OF FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION;NANJING PUBLIC SECURITY BUREAU;NANJING 0000;CHINA) 2008, 0(1): 34-37.  Abstract ( 2158 )   Objective To evaluate the feasibility of STR genotyping from trace epithelial cells on fountain pen and to discuss the impact of conservation time on DNA typing. Methods Seven fountain pens were separately used by each of the 17 volunteers 20 minutes per day for a month and then were preserved on day 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28. DNA was extracted from the epithelial cells on fountain pen by silicon bead and was genotyped by Identifier kit. The corresponding control samples were buccal swabs of the above volunteers. The detectable numbers of loci were counted for assessment. Results There were statistically significant differences in the DNA genotyping by detectable numbers of gene loci between buccal swabs and epithelial cells on fountain pen of different conservation times (P<0.01). The differences of detectable numbers of loci between the epithelial cells on fountain pen preserved on day 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28 and the corresponding oral swabs were also statistically significant (P<0.01). More than 12 loci could be successfully genotyped in 41.2% samples from the epithelial cells on fountain pen if the tests were performed within 24 hours. Conclusion The trace epithelial cells on fountain pen can be used as biological samples for personal identification, but the conservation time would have influence on the results of DNA genotyping. Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of Ketamine and Norketamine in Blood and Urine by High Performance Liquid Chromatography CHEN LI-LI;LIAO LIN-CHUAN;LI WEN-JIA;HUANG LU-YAO;YAN YOU-YI;YANG LIN;MA XIAO-NA;HE RONG (.WEST CHINA SCHOOL OF PRECLINICAL AND FORENSIC MEDICINE;SICHUAN UNIVERSITY;CHENGDU 00;CHINA;. WEST CHINA SCHOOL OF PHARMACY;SICHUAN UNIVERSI 2008, 0(1): 38-42.  Abstract ( 1770 )   Objective To develop a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of ketamine and norketamine in blood and urine. Methods The compounds were extracted from blood or urine by liquid-liquid extraction using toluene after blood or urine was adjusted pH to 14.The extracts were analyzed by HPLC. Results Linear limits of ketamine and norketamine determination in blood ranged from 0.05 μg/mL to 10 μg/mL (R2﹥0.9993) and in urine ranged from 0.01 μg/mL to 200 μg/mL (R2﹥0.999 5). Limits of detection (LODs) for ketamine and norketamine were 0.006 μg/mL and 0.003 μg/mL (S/N≥3), respectively. The mean extraction recovery was over 82.4% and its coefficients of variation were less than 10.0% for ketamine and norketamine. Concentration-time curves and urinary drug velocity curves of ketamine norketamine were obtained by determinations of them in blood and urine in rat using the developed method. Conclusion The method is sensitive, simple, rapid and suitable for determination of ketamine and norketamine in blood and urine for toxicological and clinical pharmaceutical analysis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics and Mechanism of Boat Propeller Injuries YU SONG;SHEN YI-WEN;XUE AI-MIN (.HUZHOU PUBLIC SECURITY BUREAU;HUZHOU 000;CHINA;.DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;SHANGHAI MEDICAL COLLEGE;FUDAN UNIVERSITY;SHANGHAI 000;CHINA) 2008, 0(1): 43-46.  Abstract ( 1804 )   Objective To summarize the characteristics and investigate the mechanisms of boat propeller injuries so as to explore the identification methods between boat propeller injuries and corpse dismemberment. Methods More than 100 autopsy cases of boat propeller injuries were collected in a period between 1994 and 2005 in Huzhou district, Zhejiang province. The characteristics of injuries caused by propeller, including abrasion, wound, fracture and severed wound, and the characteristics of clothing, were retrospectively studied and summarized. The severed cross wound section of boat propeller injuries was compared with that caused by corpse dismemberment. Results The boat propeller injuries were resulted from high-speed propellers with enormous splitting power and mechanical cutting, while corpse dismemberment were resulted from cutting and dismembering the body with sharp instruments. Due to the different mechanisms, the different strength of force and recoil force, the severed wound cross section had different characteristics. Conclusion Wounds caused by boat propeller injuries have their unique characteristics, distinguished from wounds of dismembered corpse. Related Articles | Metrics

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How to validate a bio-analytical method XIANG PING;SHEN MIN;ZHUO XIAN-YI (SHANGHAI KEY LABORATORY OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC SCIENCES;MINISTRY OF JUSTICE;P.R.CHINA;SHANGHAI 000;CHINA) 2008, 0(1): 60-65.  Abstract ( 2156 )   It is imperative that any newly established bio-analytical method is validated thoroughly, using standardised parameters. The purpose of this article is to provide recommendations on how to validate a new bio-analytical method. Based on author's personal experience and some interesting discussion points from the conference of "International Association of Forensic Toxicologists" in 2007, the authors propose these essential requirements for validating a new analytical method. The key parameters of method validation include selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD (limit of detection), LLOQ (the lower limit of quantitation), stability and the extraction recovery. For any bio-analytical method using LC-MSn (Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry), studies of matrix effect should also be included in addition of the above parameters. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Recent Development on Age Estimation WANG XIAO-YAN;YU XIAO-JUN;XU XIAO-HU;WANG JIA-WEN;ZHANG WEI-DONG (.DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;MEDICAL COLLEGE;SHANTOU UNIVERSITY;SHANTOU 0;CHINA;. PUBLIC SECURITY BUREAU OF YEXIAN;YEXIAN 00;CHINA) 2008, 0(1): 66-70.  Abstract ( 2019 )   The main methods of age estimation at present mostly rely on characteristic physical and chemical changes of skeleton, soft tissue, cells, biomacromolecules and the other substances. Because physiological changes of tissues and organs during growth are extremely complicated, all methods have their limitations. In practical, it is necessary to combine several methods together in order to improve the accuracy of age estimation. This article reviewed recent development on age estimation domestically and abroad and discussed advantage and disadvantage of different methods. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advancement in the Study on Electrophysiology of Color Vision and Its Applicability in Forensic Medicine LI YU-FEI;FAN SHAO-QUN;AN NING;LIU JI-HUI (.SCHOOL OF FORENSIC MEDICINE;CHINA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY;SHENYANG 000;CHINA;.DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE;CHINA CRIMINAL POLICE COLLEGE;SHENYANG 00;CHINA;.BENXI PUBLIC SECURITY BUREAU;BEN 2008, 0(1): 71-73.  Abstract ( 1735 )   Color vision is a major component of vision function. Examination of color vision mostly relies on subjectivity at present. It is important to establish an objective method of color vision examination that would have particular clinical significance and forensic medicine value. With the development of new technology, the examination of visual electrophysiology has become a basic method of clinical diagnosis and investigation. Electroretinogram (ERG) could discriminate different cone cells and color abnormality. Visual evoked potential (VEP) generated characteristic negative wave after stimulation with different colors. Different visual electrophysiology detection methods were reviewed and in particular important new advancement of color vision research of ERG, F-VEP and P-VEP were introduced. The application prospect of color vision research in the clinical forensic medicine was also discussed. It is likely that color vision research study and visual electrophysiology will provide objective evaluation of retina and brain function. Related Articles | Metrics