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28 April 2015, Volume 31 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Relative Expression of Indicators for Wound Age Estimation in Forensic Pathology DU QIU-XIANG, WANG XIAO-WEI, ZHANG LEI, ET AL. 2015, 31(2): 81-84.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2015.02.001 Abstract ( 951 )   Objective In order to understand which kind of function genes play an important role for estimating wound age, the variation of difference genes’ mRNA expression were compared after injury. Methods The mRNA expression levels of seven candidate genes （ICAM-1, NF-κB, MX2, MT1, MT2, sTnI, and Cox6c） were analyzed in contused rat skeletal muscle at different time points using real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR （RT-qPCR）. The raw Ct values were normalized relative to that of RPL32 mRNA, and converted to standard Ct values. At each time point after injury, the standard deviations （SD） of the standard Ct values were calculated by SPSS. Results The expression trends of the seven genes were all found to be related to wound age, but there were lower variation coefficients and greater reliability of sTnI and Cox6c when compared with other genes. Conclusion The genes encoding structural proteins or proteins that perform basic functions can be suitable for wound age estimation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of Zonula Occludens-1 in Cerebral Cortex Following Traumatic Brain Injury WANG TAO, MENG YING, ZOU DONG-HUA, ET AL. 2015, 31(2): 85-87.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2015.02.002 Abstract ( 1204 )   Objective To observe the time-course expression of zonula occludens-1 （ZO-1） in cerebral cortex after traumatic brain injury （TBI）. Methods The TBI model of mouse was established. The mice were divided in 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 3 d, 7 d after TBI, sham and control groups. The permeability of the blood brain barrier was evaluated by measuring the extravasation of Evans blue （EB） dye. The expression of ZO-1 in cerebral cortex in the injured area was detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results The extravasation of EB dye of injured cortex gradually increased from 1 h, peaked at 1-3 d and approximately decreased to normal at 7 d after TBI. Western blotting revealed that the expression of ZO-1 gradually decreased after 1 h, was at the lowest at 1-3 d, and then significantly increased after 7 d but was still lower than that of normal and sham groups. The result of immunohistochemistry showed that ZO-1 had strong expression in vessel of normal cortex, gradually decreased after TBI, and almost disappeared at 3 d after TBI and gradually recovered to normal level later. Conclusion The expression of ZO-1 in the injured cortex after TBI initially decreases and then increases. The negative correlation between ZO-1 expression and EB extravasation after TBI could be used as a new indicator for wound age estimation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Apoptosis in Lungs and Liver after Crush Injury of Hindlimbs in Rat ZHAO JIE, WANG HUA-RONG, BU JIAN-HENG, ET AL. 2015, 31(2): 88-92.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2015.02.003 Abstract ( 898 )   Objective To investigate the process of apoptosis in lungs and liver induced by crushing hindlimbs of rat, and study the mechanism of crush injury. Methods The rat experimental model of hindlimbs crush injury was established. The cell apoptosis in lungs and liver was detected by TUNEL assay, and the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 apoptin was examined by immunohistochemistry. Results Compared with the control group, the partial muscle injury of rat’s hindlimbs was more serious with more apoptosis observed in lungs and liver （P<0.05）. The expression of Bax was up-regulated and Bcl-2 was down-regulated, whereas caspase-3 expression was activated （P<0.05）. Conclusion The cell apoptosis has increased significantly in lungs and liver after crush injury of hindlimbs in rat. The correlation factor released during tissue injury may mediate apoptosis process. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of p35 and p25 after Focal Cerebral Contusion in Rat WANG HAN-ZHI, LI RU-BO, WANG ZHENG-YIN, ET AL. 2015, 31(2): 93-96.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2015.02.004 Abstract ( 877 )   Objective To study the expression of p35 and p25 in rat after focal cerebral contusion and to provide experimental data for estimating brain injury time. Methods Fifty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 3 d, 5 d, 7 d, 10 d after focal cerebral contusion, control and sham-operated groups （5 rats each group）. The focal cerebral contusion rat model was established. The expression of p35 and p25 protein of the damage peripheral zone in brain were detected by HE staining, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting at different injury time. Results A large number of p35 protein and a small amount of p25 protein were expressed in control group and sham-operated group. After focal cerebral contusion, p35 presented unimodal change with time and p25 presented bimodal changes with time. Conclusion Expression of p35 and p25 showed different regularity with good time correlation, which could help to estimate the brain injury time. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of EV71-VP1, PSGL-1 and SCARB2 in Tissues of Infants with Brain Stem Encephalitis LI MING, KONG XIAO-PING-2, LIU HONG, ET AL. 2015, 31(2): 97-101.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2015.02.005 Abstract ( 1221 )   Objective To understand the correlation of enterovirus 71 （EV71）, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 （PSGL-1）, and scavenger receptor B2 （SCARB2） and to explore the possible pathway and mechanism of EV71 infection by observing the expression of EV71, PSGL-1 and SCARB2 in tissues of infants with brain stem encephalitis. Methods The organs and tissues of infants with EV71-VP1 positivity in their brain stems were chosen. Expression and distribution of EV71-VP1, PSGL-1, and SCARB2 were detected and compared by immunohistochemistry. Results Strong staining of EV71-VP1 was observed in the neuron, glial cells, the inflammatory cells of perivascular cuffing, parietal cells of the gastric fundus gland while alveolar macrophages, intestinal gland epithelium cells, mucosa lymphoid nodule and lymphocyte of palatine tonsil showed moderate staining and weak staining were displayed in mesenteric lymph nodes and lymphocyte of spleen. PSGL-1 expression was detected in parietal cells of the gastric fundus gland, tonsillar crypt squamous epithelium, alveolar macrophages and leukocytes in each tissue. SCARB2 expression was observed in all the above tissues except the intestines and spleen. Conclusion The distribution of EV71 correlates with SCARB2 expression. SCARB2 plays an important role in virus infection and replication. Stomach may be an important site for EV71 replication. Related Articles | Metrics

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Simulation and Observation of Vertical Cast-off Bloodstain Pattern ZHAO LIANG, LU MING-FANG, HE WANG, ET AL. 2015, 31(2): 102-104.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2015.02.006 Abstract ( 1212 )   Objective To observe the characteristics of vertical cast-off bloodstain pattern by different hitting-tools. Methods The regular hitting tools, a kitchen knife, a dirk, a plane set-hammer and an iron pipe, were selected. At a distance of 30 cm away from the wall, the hitting tool with 5 mL fresh chicken blood made the cast-off bloodstain from top to bottom. Then the holistic distribution characteristics （length, width and density） of cast-off bloodstain and morphology characteristics （length, width and contact angle） of first single cast-off bloodstain were analyzed. Results The distribution length of cast-off bloodstain formed by dirk was minimum （P<0.05）. The distribution width of cast-off bloodstain formed by kitchen knife was minimum （P<0.05）. Except the pair of kitchen knife and plane set-hammer, the distribution density between each two tools had statistical differences （P<0.05）. The length of first single cast-off bloodstain formed by plane set-hammer was longest compared （P<0.05）. The width of first single cast-off bloodstain had statistical differences between kitchen knife and plane set-hammer, and between dirk and plane set-hammer （P<0.05）. Conclusion The type of hitting tool could be inferred by the specific characteristics of cast-off bloodstain pattern formed by every specific type of hitting tool in crime scene. Related Articles | Metrics

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Forensic Application of Microperimetry and Visual Evoked Potential in Macular Disease ZHOU , SHU , LIU DONG-MEI, PENG SHU-YA, ET AL. 2015, 31(2): 105-108.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2015.02.007 Abstract ( 963 )   Objective To find the correlation between real best corrected visual acuity （BCVA） and testing results of microperimetry and visual evoked potential （VEP） and to explore a new method in recording BCVA in macular disease. Methods Sixty-two patients with macular disease （macular disease group, 62 eyes） and eighteen healthy volunteers （control group, 36 eyes） had BCVA, microperimetry and VEP recorded. Results （1） By microperimetry, the values of retinal mean sensitivity and fixation percentage in macular disease group were lower than that in control group. The bicurve ellipse area in macular disease group was higher than that in control group. By VEP, P100 amplitude under 0.5 cpd and 2 cpd in macular disease group were significantly higher than that in control group and the latency was prolonged （P<0.05）. （2） In macular disease group, BCVA had significant positive correlation with retinal mean sensitivity, bicurve ellipse area, macular central 2°and 4°fixation percentage, respectively （P<0.05）. There was a significant correlation between retinal mean sensitivity and P100 amplitude （P<0.05）. （3） Multiple linear regression equation was y=0.053 x1+0.008 x3+3.897 （y was BCVA, while x1 was retinal mean sensitivity and x3 was P100 amplitude under 2 cpd）. Conclusion Combined use of microperimetry and VEP is useful in the assessment of BCVA in macular disease. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mutations in a Large Pedigree with Y-STR Genetic Markers PENG SHAN, LIU CHAO, WANG YING, ET AL. 2015, 31(2): 106-111.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2015.02.008 Abstract ( 1071 )   Objective To explore the mutation of Y-STR loci in meiotic allelic transmission in a large pedigree. Methods The oral swabs of 163 male individuals were collected from a Lin pedigree. Twenty-two Y-STR genetic markers were typed with AGCU Y24 fluorescent detection kit （AGCU Y24 system）, which also contained 16 Y-STR markers included in YfilerTM multiple amplification kit （Yfiler system）. The genotyping results of Y-STR loci were compared between each two males in the pedigree. Results There were 20 and 30 kinds of haplotypes obtained with Yfiler and AGCU Y24 systems in 163 male individuals from the Lin pedigree, respectively. The rates referred to haplotype differences （RRHD） of these two typing systems between male pairs were 0.910 5 and 0.922 7, respectively. The average number of marker differences were 6.582 1 and 9.824 8, respectively. The RRHD increased along with the incidents of meiosis. Conclusion Y-STR mutation leads to different Y-STR haplotypes among the male members in a paternal pedigree and the rate of difference increases along with the incidents of meiosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chlorpyrifos Determined in Human Blood by UPLC-MS/MS and Its Application in Poisoning Cases QIAO ZHENG, YAN HUI, ZHUO XIAN-YI, ET AL. 2015, 31(2): 112-116.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2015.02.009 Abstract ( 1076 )   Objective To determine the chlorpyrifos in human blood by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and to validate its application in poisoning cases. Methods The samples were extracted by a simple one-step protein precipitation procedure. Chromatography was performed on a Capcell Pack C18 MGII column （250 mm×2.0 mm, 5 ?滋m） using an isocratic elution of solvent A （0.1% formic acid-water with 2 mmol/L ammonium acetate） and solvent B （methanol with 2 mmol/L ammonium acetate） at 5∶95 （V∶V）. Results The linear ranged from 5 to 500 ng/mL （r=0.998 7）. The limit of detection （LOD） and the lower limit of quantification （LLOQ） were 2 ng/mL and 4 ng/mL, respectively. For this method, the precision and accuracy of intra-day and inter-day were <10% and 97.44%-101.10%, respectively. The results in stability test of long-term frozen were satisfied. The matrix effect, recovery and process efficiency were 64.97%-86.81%, 76.70%-85.52%, and 55.57%-66.58%, respectively. Conclusion This method can provide a rapid approach to chlorpyrifos extraction and determination in toxicological analysis of forensic and clinical treatment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Normal Range of 33 Elements in Blood Samples from General Population in Hunan Province WANG YAO, ZHANG SU-JING, WANG YUE-JIN, ET AL. 2015, 31(2): 117-122.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2015.02.010 Abstract ( 1417 )   Objective To determine the normal range of the 33 elements （Li, Be, B, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Th and U） in human whole blood of general population in Hunan province. Methods Blood samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） to determine the normal range. The influences of district, gender and age to the element content in blood samples were also observed. Results The normal range of 33 elements in blood samples from general population in Hunan province were obtained. Gender was shown to statistically influence the concentrations of B, Mg, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Cs, Hg and Pb （P<0.05）, while age was shown to influence the concentrations of Co, Ni, Cs and Hg in women （P<0.05） as well as Cu, Se and Hg in men（P<0.05）. Conclusion Although there are variables in different districts, the normal ranges of trace element in blood of the four cities in Hunan province are established. Related Articles | Metrics

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Injury Mechanism of Scaphoid Fracture: Forensic Analysis of 43 Cases DU YU 2015, 31(2): 123-125.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2015.02.011 Abstract ( 1039 )   Objective To explore the key points of injury mechanism of scaphoid fracture in forensic expertise and to provide the references for forensic practices. Methods Forty-three cases of injury mechanism identification of scaphoid fracture were selected from 2007 to 2011 in Institute of Forensic Evidence, Chinese Criminal Police Academy. Following aspects were analyzed: missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis at first visit, fracture classifications, accompanying injuries and mechanism of injury. Results The rates of missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis were high in the cases of scaphoid fractures, most common in the fracture of the waist. The disagreement on mechanism of injury was whether it was due to direct impact or indirect effect by falling. Conclusion Wrist hyperextension due to fall with palm impact on the ground was the main cause of scaphoid fracture. Related Articles | Metrics

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Composition Analysis of Remaining Metal Particles on Ferrochrome Kitchen Knife GAN ZENG-LU, MA DONG-LIE, ZHAO CHUN-MEI, ET AL. 2015, 31(2): 126-128.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2015.02.012 Abstract ( 915 )   Objective To establish a feasible evaluation index and method to identify composition of remaining metal particles on ferrochrome kitchen knife. Methods The small samples of remaining metal particles were rubbed from the knives using filter paper. The composition of remaining metal particles was detected by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer （SEM-EDX） and GSR particle analysis function, using mathematical methods to calculate the ratio （relative amount） of Fe and Cr in remaining metal particles. Results The ratio （relative amount） of Fe and Cr of remaining metal particles had significant differences among most ferrochrome kitchen knives （P<0.05）. Conclusion Using GSR particle analysis function to quantitatively detect the ratio （relative amount） of Fe and Cr of remaining metal particles on ferrochrome kitchen knife, which can establish the feasible evaluation method to estimate such injury tool. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress of DNA-based Methods for Species Identification HU ZHEN, ZHANG SU-HUA, WANG ZHENG, ET AL. 2015, 31(2): 129-131.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2015.02.013 Abstract ( 809 )   Species identification of biological samples is widely used in such fields as forensic science and food industry. A variety of accurate and reliable methods have been developed in recent years. The current review shows common target genes and screening criteria suitable for species identification, and described various DNA-based molecular biology methods about species identification. Additionally, it discusses the future development of species identification combined with real-time PCR and sequencing technologies. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Finite Element Method in Thoracolumbar Spine Traumatology ZHANG MIN, CHOU YONG-GUI, SHAO YU, ET AL. 2015, 31(2): 132-134.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2015.02.014 Abstract ( 991 )   The finite element method （FEM） is a mathematical technique using modern computer technology for stress analysis, and has been gradually used in simulating human body structures in the biomechanical field, especially more widely used in the research of thoracolumbar spine traumatology. This paper reviews the establishment of the thoracolumbar spine FEM, the verification of the FEM, and the thoracolumbar spine FEM research status in different fields, and discusses its prospects and values in forensic thoracolumbar traumatology. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in Event-related Potential and Its Forensic Application Value GUAN NAN-SI, LIU JI-HUI, ZHANG XIN-YUAN, ET AL. 2015, 31(2): 135-139.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2015.02.015 Abstract ( 938 )   The event-related potential （ERP) is considered as one of the most effective methods to study and analyze objectively human mental activity based on nerve electrophysiology. At present, ERP is not only used in the study of lie detection, but also in the clinical medicine for the cognitive assessment on patients with cerebrovascular disease, dementia or traumatic brain injury and auxiliary diagnosis of mental illness. With the further development of ERP detection technology, it would have a wider application prospect in the field of forensic medicine. Related Articles | Metrics