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28 February 2016, Volume 32 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Bacterial Succession on Rat Carcasses and Applications for PMI Estimation ZHANG LIN, GUO JUAN-JUAN, T?L?T·SIYIT, ET AL. 2016, 32(1): 1-6.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.01.001 Abstract ( 773 )   Abstract: Objective To investigate the bacterial succession on rat carcasses and to evaluate the use of bacterial succession for postmortem interval （PMI） estimation. Methods Adult female SD rat remains were placed in carton boxes. The bacterial colonization of circumocular skin, mouth and vagina was collected to be identified using culture-dependent biochemical methods. The changes in community composition were regularly documented. Results The bacterial succession in three habitats showed that Staphylococcus and Neisseria were predominated in early PMI, especially Staphylococcus aureus and Neisseria lactamica in 6 hours after death. Lactobacillus casei developed on the 3-4 days regularly, and kept stable at a certain level in late PMI. Conclusion The involvement of normal and putrefactive bacteria in three body habitats of rat remains can be used for PMI estimation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of PI3K/Akt Pathway in Wound Healing Process of Mice Skin GAO YAN-LING, LIU CHANG-SHENG, ZHAO RUI, ET AL. 2016, 32(1): 7-12.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.01.002 Abstract ( 1038 )   Objective To investigate the expressions and time-dependent changes of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase （PI3K）, phospho-P13K （p-PI3K）, protein kinase B （PKB/Akt） and phospho-Akt （p-Akt） during wound healing process of mice skin. Methods The changes of PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt and p-Akt expression in skin wound were detected by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and real-time PCR. Results Immunohistochemistry showed the expression of PI3K and p-Akt were observed in mononuclear and fibroblast after skin wound, and reached peak in reconstruction. The positive bands of PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt and p-Akt were observed in all time points of the wound healing process by Western blotting. The expression peak of p-PI3K and p-Akt showed in inflammation and proliferation; the expression peak of PI3K and Akt in reconstruction. Real-time PCR showed the expression peak of PI3K mRNA in inflammation and reconstruction and the peak of Akt mRNA in reconstruction. Conclusion During the wound healing process, the expressions of PI3K, Akt, p-PI3K and p-Akt show different changes with significant correlation to wound time. The expression of PI3K/Akt may be a valuable marker for wound time estimation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Proteomic Analysis of Rat Brain Stem with DAI by MALDI-TOF-MS REN GUAN-HENG, LIU NING-GUO, CHEN YI-JIU, ET AL. 2016, 32(1): 13-17.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.01.003 Abstract ( 873 )   Objective To establish a diagnostic model for diffuse axonal injury （DAI） by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF-MS）. To screen the proteins or peptides associated with DAI for providing the biomarkers with theoretic foundation. Methods Fifteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into DAI group （n=10） and control group （n=5）. The protein or peptide expression profiles of rat brain stem were detected by MALDI-TOF-MS. ClinProTools 2.2 software was used to find specific peaks, and a diagnostic model was established by the genetic algorithm. Results There were significant differences in 61 peaks of DAI group （P<0.05）, 9 peaks were down-regulated and 52 up-regulated. The diagnostic model was established based on 5 different peaks. The specificity and sensitivity of cross validation was 96.14% and 95.98%; while the specificity and sensitivity of blind validation showed was 73.33% and 70.00%, respectively. Conclusion A specific and sensitive diagnostic model of DAI can be established by MALDI-TOF-MS to provide a potential value for determining DAI in forensic practice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of Aquaporin 4 in Diffuse Brain Injury of Rats CHEN REN-HUI, HE SONG-GUO, CAI CAN-XIN, ET AL. 2016, 32(1): 18-20.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.01.004 Abstract ( 748 )   Objective To observe the expression of aquaporin 4 （AQP4） in diffuse brain injury （DBI） of rats and to explore the corresponding effect of AQP4 for brain edema. Methods The rat model of DBI was established using Marmarou’s impact-compression trauma model. Brain water content was measured by dry-wet weight method. Blood-brain barrier permeability was evaluated by Evans blue （EB） staining. Immunohistochemical method was used to observe the expression of AQP4. Results Brain water content increased after 3 h and peaked at 24 h after DBI. Brain EB content significantly increased and peaked at 12 h after DBI. The expression of AQP4 significantly increased after 3 h and peaked at 24 h after DBI, and the number of AQP4 positive astrocytes increased. Conclusion The increment of the permeability of blood-brain barrier and the expression of AQP4 may contribute to the development of brain edema in rat DBI. The change of AQP4 expression in astrocytes may also contribute to determine DBI. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between PMI and ATR-FTIR Spectral Changes in Swine Costal Cartilages and Ribs YAO YAO, WANG QI, JING XIAO-LI, ET AL. 2016, 32(1): 21-25.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.01.005 Abstract ( 855 )   Objective To analyze postmortem chemical changes in Landrace costal cartilages and ribs using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared （ATR-FTIR） spectroscopy, and to provide a novel technique for estimation of postmortem interval （PMI）. Methods The swines were sacrificed by hemorrhage and their costal cartilages and ribs were kept in 20 ℃. The chemical analysis of the costal cartilages and ribs were performed using ATR-FTIR every 72 h. The correlation between the certain spectral parameters and PMI was also analyzed. The time-dependent changes of costal cartilages were more significant than ribs. Results There were no obvious changes for the main absorbance bands position, and some absorbance band ratios showed time-dependent changes and significant correlations with the PMI. Conclusion ATR-FTIR has the ability to analyze postmortem chemical changes of the swine costal cartilages and ribs, and it can be a new method to estimate PMI based on spectroscopy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Biodistribution and Postmortem Redistribution of Emamectin Benzoate in Intoxicated Mice TANG WEI-WEI, LIN YU-CAI, LU YAN-XU 2016, 32(1): 26-30.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.01.006 Abstract ( 1043 )   Objective To investigate the lethal blood level, the target organs and tissues, the toxicant storage depots and the postmortem redistribution in mice died of emamectin benzoate poisoning. Methods The mice model of emamectin benzoate poisoning was established via intragastric injection. The main poisoning symptoms and the clinical death times of mice were observed and recorded dynamically in the acute poisoning group as well as the sub-acute poisoning death group. The pathological and histomorphological changes of organs and tissues were observed after poisoning death. The biodistribution and postmortem redistribution of emamectin benzoate in the organs and tissues of mice were assayed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） at 0 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after death. The lethal blood concentrations and the concentrations of emamectin benzoate were detected by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） at different time points after death. Results The symptoms of nervous and respiratory system were observed within 15-30 min after intragastric injection. The average time of death was （45.8±7.9） min in the acute poisoning group and （8.0±1.4） d in the sub-acute poisoning group, respectively. The range of acute lethal blood level was 447.164 0-524.463 5 mg/L. The pathological changes of the organs and tissues were observed via light microscope and immunofluorescence microscope. The changes of emamectin benzoate content in the blood, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and brain of poisoning mice showed regularity within 72 h after death （P<0.05）. Conclusion The target organs of emamectin benzoate poisoning include heart, liver, kidney, lung, brain and contact position （stomach）. The toxicant storage depots are kidney and liver. There is emamectin benzoate postmortem redistribution in mice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establish Assessment Model of 18 Years of Age in Chinese Han Population by Mandibular Third Molar FAN FEI, DAI XIN-HUA, WANG LIANG, ET AL. 2016, 32(1): 31-34.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.01.007 Abstract ( 838 )   Objective To explore the value of estimating chronologic age based on the grades of mandibular third molar development. To evaluate whether mandibular third molar could be used as an indicator for estimating the age under or over 18 years. Methods The mineralization status of mandibular third molar of 1 845 individuals aged 10-30 was graded and marked based on Demirjian’s classification of grades reformed by Orhan. Gender difference was examined by t-test. A cubic regression model was established to analyze the correlation between third molar and chronologic age. Each grade of age cumulative distribution diagram and ROC curve was respectively performed to evaluate the relationship between third molar and the age of 18. Using Bayes discriminant analysis, an equation was established for estimating the age of 18. Results The inner-rater reliability was 0.903. Statistical analysis showed a moderate correlation between age and grade. Significant differences of both genders were found only in grade D and H （P＜0.05）. Males at the grades from 1 to D and females at the grades from 1 to C were under 18 years old, and both males and females at grade H were over 18 years old. The area under the ROC curve was 0.797 （P＜0.05）. Conclusion Third molar development shows a high correlation with age, and combined with other indicators, it can be used to estimate the age of 18. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of Pattern-pulse and Pattern-reversal Multifocal Visual Evoked Potentials in Normal Individuals ZHU RONG-TING, LIU XING-BEN, XU XIAO-MING, ET AL. 2016, 32(1): 35-39.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.01.008 Abstract ( 780 )   Objective To compare pattern-pulse multifocal visual evoked potential （PPmfVEP） with pattern-reversal multifocal visual evoked potential （PRmfVEP）, and to investigate the symmetry of mfVEP between both eyes in normal individuals. Methods The multifocal Vision Monitor was used to observe the mfVEP. T-test and ANOVA were used to analyze P1 wave, amplitude and signal noise ratios （SNR） of two mfVEPs. Results The SNR and the P1 amplitude reached the maximum at the central visual field and decreased with the increase of eccentricity, and then decreased slowly. The amplitude of the PPmfVEP was significantly smaller than the PRmfVEP in the central retina, while in the peripheral retina the result was exactly the opposite. SNR and amplitude of the PRmfVEP showed no statistical difference in both eyes （P＞0.05）. The variance of the amplitude at the same side of visual field was larger than that at the symmetrical visual quadrant. Conclusion mfVEP can reflect the visual function in different parts of retina objectively and exactly. PPmfVEP reflect the vision function of the central retina better than PRmfVEP. The stability of PPmfVEP is better than PRmfVEP in the central retina, while the result is opposite in the peripheral retina. The mfVEP is symmetrical in both eyes of the same individual. Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between Expression of Peripheral IL-17 Protein and Aggression of Bipolar Mania LI HAO-ZHE, HONG WU, WANG ZUO-WEI, ET AL. 2016, 32(1): 40-44.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.01.009 Abstract ( 833 )   Objective To explore the correlation between the interleukin-17 （IL-17） level of peripheral blood and aggression of bipolar mania. Methods Thirty-six patients of bipolar mania were selected as experimental group by DSM-Ⅳ-TR and received treatment with quetiapine and lithium. Thirty-six healthy volunteers with similar age and gender were selected as control group. The level of IL-17 at baseline in each group and the level of IL-17 in the experimental group after treatment for 2, 4 and 8 weeks were detected by ELISA. Results The level of IL-17 in experimental group at baseline, after treatment for 2 and 4 weeks were all significantly higher than that in control group. After 8 weeks treatment, there was no significant difference between the two groups （P>0.05）. After 2, 4 and 8 weeks treatment, the total score and aggression score of Young Mania Rating Score （YMRS） were significantly lower than the baseline level （P<0.05）. In experimental group, the level of IL-17 was positively correlated with the two scores of YMRS at baseline （P<0.05）. Conclusion Bipolar mania may be related to the up-regulation of IL-17. The level of IL-17 is related to the severity of manic symptoms at baseline, especially aggression symptom. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Multiple Genetic Markers in a Case of Determination of Half Sibling YANG XUE, SHI MEI-SEN, YUAN LI, ET AL. 2016, 32(1): 45-48.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.01.010 Abstract ( 732 )   Objective A case of half sibling was determined with multiple genetic markers, which could be potentially applied for determination of half sibling relationship from same father. Methods Half sibling relationship was detected by 39 autosomal STR genetic markers, 23 Y-chromosomal STR genetic markers and 12 X-chromosomal STR genetic markers among ZHAO-1, ZHAO-2, ZHAO-3, ZHAO-4, and ZHAO-5. Results According to autosomal STR, Y-STR and X-STR genotyping results, it was determined that ZHAO-4 （alleged half sibling） was unrelated with ZHAO-1 and ZHAO-2; however, ZHAO-3 （alleged half sibling）, ZHAO-5 （alleged half sibling） shared same genetic profile with ZHAO-1, and ZHAO-2 from same father. Conclusion It is reliable to use multiple genetic markers and family gene reconstruction to determine half sibling relationship from same father, but it is difficult to determination by calculating half sibling index with ITO and discriminant functions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of a 15-plex Rapid STR Multiplex Amplification System HAN JUN-PING, SUN JING, 欧YUAN , ET AL. 2016, 32(1): 49-53.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.01.011 Abstract ( 908 )   Objective To establish a 15-plex rapid STR multiplex amplification system. Methods Fourteen auto-chromosome loci and one sex-chromosome were selected to compare the situations of allelic losses and nonspecific amplication under different conditions. FastStart Taq DNA polymerase and DNA standard sample 9947A were used during amplification and optimization process.15-plex rapid STR amplification system was achieved by performing various experiments including selection of amplification conditions and the volume of DNA polymerase, adjustment of inter-locus balance, optimization of rapid amplification, screening of reaction buffers, selection of reaction volume, and a variety of additives. Results Using 10 μL rapid PCR system, including 1 ng DNA templates, 0.4 μL polymerase and 10×FastStart high fidelity reaction buffer, a complete and well-balance DNA profile of 15 STR loci for standard genomic DNA was obtained in 32 minutes, without the allele drop-out and non-specific amplicons. Meanwhile, 5% glycerinum, 0.01% gelatin, 0.05% gelatin and 5 mmol/L ammonium sulfate could be used as the reactive additive during the amplification procedure. Conclusion The 15-plex rapid STR multiplex amplification system can be used to decrease reaction time and enhance sample throughput. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Damage Associated with CCR2 and CCL2 LUO YU-JIA, LI RU-BO, MA SHI-YU, ET AL. 2016, 32(1): 54-57.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.01.012 Abstract ( 827 )    Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage （HIBD） is referred to a common type of cerebral damage, which is caused by injury, leading to shallow bleeding in the cortex with intact cerebral pia mater. In recent years, studies show that a various kinds of immune cells and immune cellular factors are involved in the occurrence of HIBD. CC chemokine receptor 2 （CCR2） is a representative of CC chemokine receptor, and is widely distributed in cerebral neuron, astrocyte, and microglial cells, and is the main chemo-tactic factor receptor in brain tissue. CC chemokine ligand 2 （CCL2） is a kind of basophilic protein and the ligand of CCR2, and plays an important role in inflammation. In order to provide evidence for correlational studies in HIBD, this review will introduce the biological characteristics of CCR2 and CCL2, and illustrate the relationship between the immunoreactivity and HIBD. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on Correlation between the Expression of CDK5 and Brain Injury Time MA SHI-YU, LI RU-BO, LUO YU-JIA, ET AL. 2016, 32(1): 58-60.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.01.013 Abstract ( 799 )    Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 （CDK5） is a member of cyclin-dependent kinase family, which does not directly regulate cell cycle. Through phosphorylation of target protein, CDK5 plays an irreplaceable role in the development, reparation and degeneration of neurons. Brain injury refers to the organic injury of brain tissue caused by external force hit on the head. Owing to the stress and repair system activated by our body itself after injury, various proteins and enzymes of the brain tissues are changed quantitatively, which can be used as indicators for estimating the time of injury. This review summarizes the progress on the distribution, the activity mechanism and the physiological effects of CDK5 after brain injury and its corresponding potential served as a marker for brain injury determination. Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of a Newborn with Lethal Type Ⅱ Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Other Anomalies Using Autopsy and Postmortem MSCT--A Case Report ZOU DONG-HUA, SHAO YU, ZHANG JIAN-HUA, DENG 2016, 32(1): 69-72.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.01.018 Abstract ( 702 )   A case of a stillbirth with lethal type Ⅱ osteogenesis imperfecta （OI） was reported. The fetus had skull fractures and craniocerebral injuries during pregnancy. Postmortem multi-sliced computed tomography （MSCT） and 3D-reconstruction were performed, followed by a medico-legal autopsy. The autopsic findings showed the typical features of type Ⅱ OI, including a soft calvarium, deformed extremities, flexed and abducted hips, and uncommon features, such as white sclera, coxa vara, absence of several bones and organs, a cleft lip, and asymmetric ears. The radiologic images revealed such anomalies and variations as a cleft palate, mandibular dysplasia, spina bifida, costa cervicalis, and fusion of the ribs and vertebrae, which were difficult to detect during conventional autopsy. The paper investigated the classification, causative mutation, cause of death, and the differentiation of OI from child abuse, coming to a conclusion that OI knowledge can be of great importance to forensic pathologists and that the merits of postmortem MSCT should be emphasized in forensic pathologic examinations. Related Articles | Metrics