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28 October 2016, Volume 32 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Expression of AQP-1 and AQP-4 in the Lungs of Drown Rats ZHAO BING，YAO SHI-QIANG， HAO XIAO-HUI 2016, 32(5): 321-325.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.05.001 Abstract ( 782 )   Objective To observe the changes of expression of aquaporin-1（AQP-1） and AQP-4 in drowned and postmortem immersed rats’ lungs. Methods Thirty healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into drowning group, postmortem immersion group and cervical dislocation group. The morphological changes of rats’ lungs were observed using HE staining. The mRNA and protein expressions of AQP-1 and AQP-4 in rats’ lungs were detected by real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, respectively. Results The results of immunohistochemistry and the Western blotting showed that the protein expression of AQP-1 of the drowning group was higher than the postmortem immersion group and the cervical dislocation group （P<0.05）. The result of immunohistochemistry showed that the protein expression of AQP-4 of the drowning group was higher than the postmortem immersion group and the cervical dislocation group （P<0.05） while no difference were detected among the three of them by Western blotting （P>0.05）. The mRNA expressions of AQP-1 and AQP-4 in rats’ lungs of the drowning group was significantly higher than the postmortem immersion group （P<0.05）. Conclusion The increase of mRNA and protein expressions of AQP-1 and AQP-4 in lungs of rats with cute lung injury of the drowning group would be useful for differentiating vital drowning from postmortem immersion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of Bloodstain Age by UV Visible Integrating Sphere Reflection Spectrum YAN LI-QIANG， GAO YE 2016, 32(5): 326-328.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.05.002 Abstract ( 716 )   Objective To establish a method for rapid identification of bloodstain age. Methods Under laboratory conditions （20 ℃, 25 ℃ and 30 ℃）, an integrating sphere ISR-240A was used as a reflection accessory on an UV-2450 UV-vis spectrophotometer, and a standard white board of BaSO4 was used as reference, the reflection spectrums of bloodstain from human ears’ venous blood were measured at regular intervals. The reflection radios R541 and R577 at a specific wavelength were collected and the value of R541/R577 was calculated. The linear fitting and regression analysis were done by SPSS 17.0. Results The results of regression analysis showed that R2 of the ratios of bloodstain age to UV visible reflectivity in specific wavelengths were larger than 0.8 within 8 hours and under certain circumstances. The regression equation was established. The bloodstain age had significant correlation with the value of R541/R577. Concussion The method of inspection is simple, rapid and nondestructive with a good reliability, and can be used to identify the bloodstain age within 8 hours elapsed-time standards under laboratory conditions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Coronary Angiography in Isolated Hearts and Its Forensic Application WU YONG-BO,GUO HENG-JUN,CHEN WEI-JIAN,ET AL. 2016, 32(5): 329-331.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.05.003 Abstract ( 884 )   Objective To check the isolated heart by coronary angiography to discover the location, nature and degree of the coronary artery lesions more accurately and increase the comprehensive evaluation ability of cardiovascular disease. Methods Ten fresh isolated hearts with different causes of death were extracted and injected with barium sulphate as contrast substance by ring injector, then developed under Xper FD20 angiography equipment. The obtained pictures and image data were handled by three-dimensional angiography images with the software attached to the angiography equipment. The coronary artery tissues were HE stained and observed by microscope. The HE staining results were compared with the angiographic results. Results The imaging data obtained from the 10 cases for examination showed 8 cases without coronary artery stenosis and 2 cases with Ⅲ, Ⅳ coronary artery stenosis, which were consistent with HE staining results of coronary artery organization and the both results were confirmed. Conclusion Isolated coronary angiography has an unique advantage for accurate grading of classification of coronary artery stenosis, examination of vascular malformation and tiny lesions, which can provide reference for the localization of small lesions and basis during the autopsy for identification conclusion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Distribution of Diatoms in Main Sections of Urban District Rivers with Drowning-prone in Chengdu NI ZI-XIANG,XIE QIONG,YI XU-FU,ET AL. 2016, 32(5): 332-337.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.05.004 Abstract ( 710 )   Objective To explore the species distribution and constituent ratio of diatoms in main sections of urban district rivers where drowning occurs frequently in Chengdu. Methods Total 39 water samples from the sampling points of 5 rivers （Jinjiang, Jinniu, Qingyang, Wuhou and Chenghua districts） in October 2014 were collected. The diatoms smear were made and the species distribution and constituent ratio of diatoms from the water samples were analyzed using biological microscope and acquisition system of digital microscope. Results Total 21 species of diatoms were detected in main sections of urban district rivers in Chengdu. Significant differences in the dominant diatom species and proportions of the different rivers were observed, and there were different species existed in all sampling points of the upstream, midstream and downstream of the rivers. Conclusion The database of species map, species distribution and constituent ratio of diatoms in main sections of urban district rivers in Chengdu are preliminarily established, which has special meaning for the analysis and evaluation of falling location inference using diatoms test in case investigation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparision of Different Methods of Area Measurement in Irregular Scar RAN DAN,LI WAN-JUAN,SUN QUAN-GANG, ET AL. 2016, 32(5): 338-341.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.05.005 Abstract ( 722 )   Objective To determine a measurement standard of irregular scar area by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of different measurement methods in measuring same irregular scar area. Methods Irregular scar area was scanned by digital scanning and measured by coordinate reading method, AutoCAD pixel method, Photoshop lasso pixel method, Photoshop magic bar filled pixel method and Foxit PDF reading software, and some aspects of these methods such as measurement time, repeatability, whether could be recorded and whether could be traced were compared and analyzed. Results There was no significant difference in the scar areas by the measurement methods above. However, there was statistical difference in the measurement time and repeatability by one or multi performers and only Foxit PDF reading software could be traced back. Conclusion The methods above can be used for measuring scar area, but each one has its advantages and disadvantages. It is necessary to develop new measurement software for forensic identification. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Multiple Displacement Amplification in Samples with Inhibitors DING DONG-XUE,DING MEI,ET AL. 2016, 32(5): 342-345.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.05.006 Abstract ( 939 )   Objective To explore the ability of inhibition resistibility of multiple displacement amplification （MDA） in samples with inhibitors. To explain the application and value of MDA in forensic medicine by comparing with using magnetic beads methods （MBM） to purify sample. Methods Different concentrations of hemoglobin and humid acid （HA） mixed with DNA samples and then divided the samples into MDA group, MBM group and control group. D3S1358 locus was amplified and detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis detection system and AmpF?詛STR?誖IdentifilerTM Plus Kit-capillary electrophoresis detection system. Results When hemoglobin concentrations exceed 1 ng/μL or HA concentrations exceed 0.1 ng/μL, amplification products could not be obtained by single-locus system in control group. When hemoglobin concentration exceeds 100 ng/μL or HA concentrations exceed 1 ng/μL, the samples could not be amplified by MBM. Inhibitors in different concentrations were amplified successfully in MDA group without any influence from inhibitors. Conclusion MDA has the capability to remove the inhibition of hemoglobin and HA, which is better than MBM and has a certain value in forensic practices. Related Articles | Metrics

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Forensic Analysis of 25 Cases of Unnatural Death in Custody YANG SONG-MIN, LI ZHI-YE 2016, 32(5): 346-349.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.05.007 Abstract ( 799 )   Objective To screen and collect the cases of unnatural death in custody and analyze the influences and forensic characteristics. Methods Total 25 cases of unnatural death in detainees in custody form 2000 to 2015 were collected. Some forensic characteristics such as gender, age, yearly incidence, causes of death, manner of death were analyzed. The public security custodies were also compared with the prisons. Results All dead involved were male, mostly were young and middle-aged adults. It showed that the number of cases tended to decrease year by year. The incidence of the injury cases were higher in public security custodies （64.7%） than that in the prisons （12.5%）. However, there was a higher suicide rate in prisons （62.5%） than that in public security custodies （23.5%）. The mainly cause of death were injury and asphyxia, there were also some cases died from intoxication and electricity. Conclusion The cases of unnatural death in custody expose some problems such as the imperfectness of law enforcement standardization, supervision loopholes and poor medical standards. A comprehensive and detailed autopsy has important implications for the identification of cause of death in custody. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Relationship between Injury and Disease in 17 Cases of Cervical Trauma with Cervical Vertebra Degeneration CHEN FANG, CHENG YI-BIN, FAN LI-HUA, ET AL. 2016, 32(5): 350-352.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.05.008 Abstract ( 818 )   Objective To study the characteristics of the relationship between injury and disease in forensic identification cases of cervical trauma with cervical vertebra degeneration, and to explore the problems about how to identify the participation rates of injury and disease using the clinical information, forensic examination and imaging examination. Methods Seventeen forensic identification cases of cervical trauma with cervical vertebra degeneration were collected. The age distributions, injury formations, injury severities and imaging findings of these cases were analyzed and the relationship between injury and disease was evaluated comprehensively. Results Middle-aged and elderly were common in 17 cases and every case was involved with intervertebral disc herniation. The main reasons of injuries were hyperextension. The degree of injury severity and vertebra degeneration were graded according to the imaging findings. The participation rates of injury and disease were also calculated comprehensively. Conclusion The forensic identification cases of cervical trauma with cervical vertebra degeneration should be evaluated with clinical information, forensic examination and imaging finding. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Forensic Analysis of 95 Nasal Bone Fracture Cases Caused by Blunt Instrument YU YAN-HE, LEI LI-TING, YANG CHUN-ZHI, ET AL. 2016, 32(5): 353-355.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.05.009 Abstract ( 828 )   Objective To explore the characteristics of nasal bone fracture caused by blunt instrument, including the fracture types, the fracture repair, and the difference of manifestations between X-ray and CT. To provide reference for the identification. Methods The information of basic situation, fracture site, injury manner, diagnosis method, expert opinion of 95 adult nasal fracture cases caused by blunt object, which occurred in Gutian county of Fujian province from January 1999 to December 2013, were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The identification conclusions of different injuries were compared according to new and old standards as well. Results There were total 95 adults including 87 male and 8 female. The fracture site and quantity have significant correlation with the nasal bone anatomical relations and the direction and size of the force. Compound fracture was most common. The fracture that could not be determined by X-ray could be clearly diagnosed by CT examination. According to new and old standards, different fracture types have different identification conclusions. Conclusion There are gender differences in nasal bone fracture cases. Larger external force is easy to cause compound fracture. CT examination is significantly better than X-ray examination. Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic Polymorphisms of 21 STR Loci in Hunan Province-based Han Population ZOU YING, GUO JUAN-JUAN, LI QING-PENG, ET AL. 2016, 32(5): 356-362.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.05.010 Abstract ( 979 )   Objective To investigate the genetic polymorphisms of 21 short tandem repeat （STR） loci （D3S1358, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, Penta E, D2S441, TPOX, TH01, D2S1338, CSF1PO, Penta D, D10S1248, D19S433, vWA, D21S11, D18S51, D6S1043, D8S1179, D5S818, D12S391 and FGA）. Methods A total of 560 blood samples were collected from unrelated healthy individuals of Han population in Hunan Province. Chelex-100 extraction method was applied to the extraction of genomic DNA, and an AGCU EX22 Kit and 9700 STR amplification was used in amplification reactions. The products were separated and analyzed on 310 Genetic Analyzer. Results A total of 248 alleles were observed, the allelic frequencies ranging from 0.001 to 0.518. Observation of genotype distributions for each locus showed no deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium except Penta E （P=0.023）. The combined power of discrimination, combined power of exclusion, and combined matching probability of the 21 STR loci were approximately 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 8, 0.999 999 998, and 1.36×10-25, respectively. Conclusion The 21 STR loci show high polymorphisms in the Han population, which can provide valuable data and a theoretical basis for forensic individual identification and paternity testing. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Carrion-breeding Phorid Flies for Post-mortem Interval Estimation in Forensic Medicine LI LUN, FENG DIAN-XING, WU JING, ET AL. 2016, 32(5): 363-366.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.05.011 Abstract ( 749 )   It is a difficult problem of forensic medicine to accurately estimate the post-mortem interval. Entomological approach has been regarded as an effective way to estimate the post-mortem interval. The developmental biology of carrion-breeding flies has an important position at the post-mortem interval estimation. Phorid flies are tiny and occur as the main or even the only insect evidence in relatively enclosed environments. This paper reviews the research progress of carrion-breeding phorid flies for estimating post-mortem interval in forensic medicine which includes their roles, species identification and age determination of immatures. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Individual Identification Using Forensic Imaging Data under the Influence of Evidence Rule WANG JIAN-JUN, PEI JUN-CHANG, QIU YUN-LIANG, ET AL. 2016, 32(5): 367-370.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.05.012 Abstract ( 802 )   With the progress and development of the DNA test and imaging technique, and the evolution of evidence rule which bring the discussions about whether the individual identification using imaging data is outdated, and other disputes such as whether radiologic evidence could be suitable for contemporary evidence and be used to solve the posture difference of imaging test. This article summaries the domestic and foreign researches of individual identification using imaging data in the past 20 years and reviews the problems above. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Gene Alterations of Amelogenin Locus in Gender Identification HUANG JIANG-PING, YANG FAN, LIU YA-NAN, ET AL. 2016, 32(5): 371-377.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.05.013 Abstract ( 1464 )   There are two kinds of amelogenin gene mutation, including mutation in primer-binding region of amelogenin gene and micro deletion of Y chromosome encompassing amelogenin gene, and the latter is more common. The mechanisms of mutation in primer-binding region of amelogenin gene is nucleotide point mutation and the mechanism of micro deletion of Y chromosome encompassing amelogenin gene maybe non-allelic homologous recombination or non-homologous end-joining. Among the population worldwide, there is a notably higher frequency of amelogenin gene mutations in Indian population, Sri Lanka population and Nepalese population which reside within the Indian subcontinent. Though amelogenin gene mutations have little impact on fertility and phenotype, they might cause incorrect result in gender identification. Using composite-amplification kit which including autosomal STR locus, amelogenin gene locus and multiple Y-STR locus, could avoid wrong gender identification caused by amelogenin gene mutation. Related Articles | Metrics