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Comparison of the Skin and Skeletal Muscle Contusion in Rats Induced by Blunt Force with Different Heights BAI RU-FENG, Lü XIAO-JIAO , E XIAO-FEI, ET AL. 2017, 33(1): 1-5.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.01.001 Abstract ( 713 )   Abstract： Objective To explore the differences in the repair process of skin and skeletal muscle after contusion caused by blunt force attack with different heights. Methods Three degrees of contusion were performed on SD rats’ right hind limbs by a designed free-dropping device falling from 15, 30 and 50 cm heights, which as a main consideration factor for degree of injury. The repair process of skin and skeletal muscle at 6 h, 24 h, 3 d, 7 d and 13 d after contusion were observed using routine histological methods. Results Hematoma within skin and/or muscle was found in the rats’ hind limbs after contusion with three different heights. The repair processes were similar at 24 h after contusion. However, with the increase of height, the display degree was more obvious. At 3 d after contusion, the RBC of the hemorrhagic region would be decomposed and elapsed in 15 cm contusion group, but for 30 cm contusion group, it delayed to 7 d. At 13 d after contusion, the similar result was found in 15 cm and 30 cm contusion groups, in contrast, the 50 cm contusion group was still in the proliferative phase. Conclusion With the increase of height, the occurring rate of hematoma within skin and muscle at the same time increases, and the more serious histological appearance after contusion, including inflammation and proliferation, the longer healing process are observed. According to the results of present study and considering forensic application, the contusion model with 50 cm height （2.58 J/cm2） is recommended as the experimental animal model for the future study of wound age estimation on contusion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Time-dependent Expression of MT1A mRNA and MT2A mRNA in the Contused Skeletal Muscle of Rats FAN HAO-LIANG, LIU SHU-FANG, SUN JUN-HONG, ET AL. 2017, 33(1): 6-10.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.01.002 Abstract ( 761 )   Objective To investigate the time-dependent expression of metallothionein （MT） 1A mRNA and MT2A mRNA in contused skeletal muscle of rats. Methods A total of 54 Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. The rats were divided into two parts: control group （n=6） and contusion groups （0.5, 1, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 h after contusion, n=6）. Total RNA was extracted from skeletal muscle. The expression levels of MT1A mRNA and MT2A mRNA were detected by SYBR Green I real-time PCR. Results The expression trends of the two potential marker genes were related to wound age. In addition to 0.5 h, there were significant contrasts between the control group and contused group （P<0.05）, about the expression levels of MT1A mRNA and MT2A mRNA in different phases. As the extension of wound age, the relative expression of MT1A mRNA and MT2A mRNA at 1 h, 6 h, 12 h and 18 h after contusion demonstrated upgrade tendency until its expression levels in 18 h peak with 239.41±15.20 and 717.42±50.76, respectively. When time extends to 24 h after injury, the expression of above two marks decreased, respectively. The MT1A mRNA and MT2A mRNA expression levels increased at 30 h and then decreased. Conclusion Determination of MT1A mRNA and MT2A mRNA levels by real-time PCR may be useful for the estimation of wound age. Related Articles | Metrics

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Metabolic Characteristics of Lethal Bradycardia Induced by Myocardial Ischemia WU JIA-YAN, WANG DIAN, KONG JING, ET AL. 2017, 33(1): 11-16.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.01.003 Abstract ( 657 )   Objective To explore the metabolic characteristics of lethal bradycardia induced by myocardial ischemia in rat’s serum. Methods A rat myocardial ischemia-bradycardia-sudden cardiac death （MI-B-SCD） model was established, which was compared with the sham-operation group. The metabolic profile of postmortem serum was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）, coupled with the analysis of serum metabolic characteristics using metabolomics strategies. Results The serum metabolic profiles were significantly different between the MI-B-SCD rats and the control rats. Compared to the control rats, the MI-B-SCD rats had significantly higher levels of lysine, ornithine, purine, serine, alanine, urea and lactic acid; and significantly lower levels of succinate, hexadecanoic acid, 2-ketoadipic acid, glyceraldehyde, hexendioic acid and octanedioic acid in the serum. There were some correlations among different metabolites. Conclusion There is obvious metabolic alterations in the serum of MI-B-SCD rat. Both lysine and purine have a high value in diagnosing MI-B-SCD. The results are expected to provide references for forensic and clinical applications of prevention and control of sudden cardiac death. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between Electrical Conductivity and Decomposition Rate of Rat Postmortem Skeletal Muscle XIA ZHI-YUAN, DI XIAN-DUN, LIU BEI-BEI, DENG 2017, 33(1): 17-20.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.01.004 Abstract ( 787 )   Objective To analyze the relationship among electrical conductivity （EC）, total volatile basic nitrogen （TVB-N）, which is an index of decomposition rate for meat production, and postmortem interval （PMI）. To explore the feasibility of EC as an index of cadaveric skeletal muscle decomposition rate and lay the foundation for PMI estimation. Methods Healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were sacrificed by cervical vertebrae dislocation and kept at 28 ℃. Muscle of rear limbs was removed at different PMI, homogenized in deionized water and then skeletal extraction liquid of mass concentration 0.1 g/mL was prepared. EC and TVB-N of extraction liquid were separately determined. The correlation between EC （x1） and TVB-N （x2） was analyzed, and their regression function was established. The relationship between PMI （y） and these two parameters were studied, and their regression functions were separately established. Results The change trends of EC and TVB-N of skeletal extraction liquid at different PMI were almost the same, and there was a linear positive correlation between them. The regression equation was x2=0.14 x1-164.91 （R2=0.982）. EC and TVB-N of skeletal muscle changed significantly with PMI, and the regression functions were y=19.38 x13-370.68 x12+2 526.03 x1-717.06 （R2=0.994）, and y=2.56 x23-48.39 x22+ 330.60 x2-255.04（R2=0.997）, respectively. Conclusion EC and TVB-N of rat postmortem skeletal muscle show similar change trends, which can be used as an index for decomposition rate of cadaveric skeletal muscle and provide a method for further study of late PMI estimation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Contrast Visual Evoked Potentials under Pattern Stimulus in Ocular Trauma WANG MENG, YU XIAO-YING, CHEN JIE-MIN, DENG 2017, 33(1): 20-23.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.01.005 Abstract ( 644 )   Objective To study the characteristic of contrast visual evoked potentials （CVEP） in patients with ocular trauma. Methods Sixty patients defined as ocular trauma by forensic clinical examination in our center were selected, and split into 0.2-0.3 （Group A）, 0.3-0.5 （Group B） and ≥0.5 （Group C） according to the best corrected visual acuity. The variation characteristics of wave amplitude and latency of CVEP under 100%, 25% and 10% contrast were observed and analyzed statistically. Results （1） Under the same contrast, the wave amplitude of P100 decreased with the decrease of stimulus perspective. （2） Under the same stimulus perspective, the wave amplitude of P100 decreased with the decrease of contrast （P<0.05）. （3） Under the contrast of 100% and 25% with the same stimulus perspective （except 100% 7′ perspective stimulus）, the difference between group A and group B had no statistical significance （P＞0.05）. Between group A and group C, group B and group C, the wave amplitude of P100 gradually increased with the increase of vision （P<0.05）. Under the contrast of 10% with 15′ stimulus perspective, the wave amplitude of P100 increased with the increase of vision （P<0.05）. （4） Under the same contrast with the same stimulation perspective, the latency of P100 wave shortened with the increase of vision, while the difference had no statistical significance （P＞0.05）. Under the same stimulus perspective, the latency of P100 wave was prolonged with the decrease of contrast （P＞0.05）. Conclusion CVEP may become one of the possible methods for the evaluation of contrast visual acuity. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of Automation System for Detection of Alcohol in Blood TIAN LIN-LIN, SHEN LEI, XUE JIN-FENG, ET AL. 2017, 33(1): 25-27.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.01.006 Abstract ( 753 )   Objective To establish an automation system for detection of alcohol content in blood. Methods The determination was performed by automated workstation of extraction-headspace gas chromatography （HS-GC）. The blood collection with negative pressure, sealing time of headspace bottle and sample needle were checked and optimized in the abstraction of automation system. The automatic sampling was compared with the manual sampling. Results The quantitative data obtained by the automated workstation of extraction-HS-GC for alcohol was stable. The relative differences of two parallel samples were less than 5%. The automated extraction was superior to the manual extraction. A good linear relationship was obtained at the alcohol concentration range of 0.1-3.0 mg/mL （r≥0.999） with good repeatability. Conclusion The method is simple and quick, with more standard experiment process and accurate experimental data. It eliminates the error from the experimenter and has good repeatability, which can be applied to the qualitative and quantitative detections of alcohol in blood. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of MOAS for Evaluating of Violence Risk in the Inpatients with Mental Disorders HE JIAN-FENG, HONG WU, SHAO YANG, ET AL. 2017, 33(1): 28-31.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.01.007 Abstract ( 902 )   Objective To explore the value of Modified Overt Aggression Scale （MOAS） on predicting serious aggressive behavior in the inpatients with mental disorders and to provide theoretical basis for violence risk assessments in the inpatients with mental disorders. Methods Total 918 inpatients in a psychiatric hospital were evaluated by trained medical workers using MOAS in September 2009, and their serious violent behavior were followed up for 2 years. The value of MOAS on predicting violence in the inpatients with mental disorders was analyzed by SPSS 21.0. Results （1） Compared to the patients without serious aggressive behaviors, the patients with serious aggressive behavior within 2 years showed significantly higher scores （P＜0.05） on verbal aggression, aggression against property, physical aggression and total weighted score of MOAS; （2） Significant correlation was found between the score of verbal aggression and the serious acts of violence within 2 years （P＜0.05）; （3） Scores of verbal aggression, physical aggression and total weighted score of MOAS had predictive value on serious aggressive behaviors within 2 years. Conclusion MOAS has certain value on predicting the serious aggressive behaviors of patients with mental disorders within 2 years. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of Schizophrenia Patients’ Homicide Behaviors and Their Correlations with Criminal Capacity SUN ZHI-WEI, SHI TIAN-TAO, FU PEI-XIN 2017, 33(1): 32-25.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.01.008 Abstract ( 642 )   Objective To explore the characteristics of schizophrenia patients’ homicide behaviors and the influences of the assessments of criminal capacity. Methods Indicators such as demographic and clinical data, characteristics of criminal behaviors and criminal capacity from the suspects whom were diagnosed by forensic psychiatry as schizophrenia （n=110） and normal mental （n=70） with homicide behavior, were collected by self-made investigation form and compared. The influences of the assessments of criminal capacity on the suspects diagnosed as schizophrenia were also analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results There were no significant statistical differences between the schizophrenic group and the normal mental group concerning age, gender, education and marital status （P>0.05）. There were significant statistical differences between the two groups concerning thought disorder, emotion state and social function before crime （P<0.05） and there were significant statistical differences in some characteristics of the case such as aggressive history （P<0.05）, cue, trigger, plan, criminal incentives, object of crime, circumstance cognition and self-protection （P<0.05）. Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that thought disorder, emotion state, social function, criminal incentives, plan and self-protection before crime of the schizophrenic group were positively correlated with the criminal capacity （P<0.05）. Conclusion The relevant influences of psychopathology and crime characteristics should be considered comprehensively for improving the accuracy of the criminal capacity evaluation on the suspects diagnosed as schizophrenia with homicide behavior. Related Articles | Metrics

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Automobile Traffic Accident Death Case Analysis of Characteristics of Driver Injury DU YI-LIANG, ZHANG WEI-LI 2017, 33(1): 36-37.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.01.009 Abstract ( 817 )   Objective To distinguish the injury characteristic changes on the drivers between the injuries of drivers and passengers in traffic accidents, and to provide scientific evidence for confirming the identity of driver in traffic accidents. Methods Data of 126 automobile traffic accident death cases in the reclamation areas of Heilongjiang province from 2006—2014 were retrospectively studied. The injury characteristics on the drivers of automobile traffic accident death cases were analyzed and the forensic identification problem in the injuries of drivers and passengers were discussed. Results Injuries were frequently observed on driver’s neck, chest and abdomen. The characteristic injuries caused by auto parts were also found, which appeared at the places of passenger’s head, face and limbs contacted with automobile. Such characteristic injuries were not found at other places. Conclusion The location and type of injury are associated with the identity of the deceased. Related Articles | Metrics

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Significance of Hypoxia-related microRNA for Estimating the Cause of Mechanical Asphyxia Death ZENG YAN, MA JIAN-LONG, CHEN LONG 2017, 33(1): 38-41.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.01.010 Abstract ( 725 )   Under hypoxia condition, microRNA （miRNA） can interact with transcription factors for regulating the cell metabolism, angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The biological processes above may play an important role in mechanical asphyxia death. This article reviews the regulating function of miRNA under hypoxia condition and the influence of hypoxia to biosynthesis of miRNA, which may provide some new ideas to the research of miRNA on determining the cause of mechanical asphyxia death in the field of forensic medicine. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Diagnosis of Drowning ZHANG WEI, ZHENG JI-LONG 2017, 33(1): 42-47.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.01.011 Abstract ( 683 )   These external and internal signs of drowning are non-specific. Therefore, diagnosis of drowning is always one of the most difficult tasks in forensic pathology. This paper meticulously and comprehensively reviews research progress on the diagnosis of drowning in pathological signs, laboratory examination, immunohistochemistry test and virtopsy technology, and it also prospects the research direction of diagnosis of drowning. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advance of Forensic Research in Insulin Poisoning TONG FANG, LIANG YUE, SHI QING, ET AL. 2017, 33(1): 48-51.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.01.012 Abstract ( 875 )   Insulin as a common clinical hypoglycemic agent can effectively control serves to lower the concentration of blood glucose. However, insulin overdose can lead to death. In the whole fatal cases of insulin overdose, medical accident is the most common, followed by suicide. Though insulin homicide is extremely rare, it deserves great attention. Though there are some researches about insulin poisoning on forensic toxicology and pathology, it is still a difficult task in forensic practice. In this paper, the mechanism of death, pathological changes, detection methods and diagnose criteria of insulin overdose will be discussed in the view of forensic toxicology and pathology. We hope that this paper could enhance relative knowledges of insulin poisoning for medical examiners. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of the Relationship between SUNDS and OSAHS WU YE-DA, ZHANG LI-YONG, CHENG JIAN-DING 2017, 33(1): 52-57.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.01.013 Abstract ( 696 )   Sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome （SUNDS） is always a difficulty in forensic medicine researches. Although the development of molecular genetics promotes the etiologic study of SUNDS, the pathogenesis of most such cases is still unclear. Sleep apnea syndrome （SAS） is one of the common forms of sleep disorders, and obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome （OSAHS） is the most common. In recent years, some domestic and international researches show that OSAHS is related to the development of cardiovascular disease, which may cause cardiac arrhythmia, even sudden death. This article reviews the relationship between SUNDS and OSAHS and aims to provide new ideas for the pathogenesis of SUNDS. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Application of Measuring Skeleton by CT in Forensic Anthropology Research MIAO CHUN-YU, XU LEI, WANG NING, DENG 2017, 33(1): 58-61.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.01.014 Abstract ( 714 )   Individual identification by measuring the human skeleton is an important research in the field of forensic anthropology. Computed tomography （CT） technology can provide high-resolution image of skeleton. Skeleton image can be reformed by software in the post-processing workstation. Different skeleton measurement indexes of anthropology, such as diameter, angle, area and volume, can be measured on section and reformative images. Measurement process is barely affected by human factors. This paper reviews the literatures at home and abroad about the application of measuring skeleton by CT in forensic anthropology research for individual identification in four aspects, including sex determination, height infer, facial soft tissue thickness measurement and age estimation. The major technology and the application of CT in forensic anthropology research are compared and discussed, respectively. Related Articles | Metrics