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28 June 2017, Volume 33 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Role of CBS in Injury Time Estimation after Brain Contusion CHU YANG, HAN GUO-XIAN, WANG YAO-QI, ET AL. 2017, 33(3): 221-224.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.03.001 Abstract ( 923 )   Objective To observe the changes of cystathionine β-synthase （CBS） expression in the cerebral cortex after brain contusion at different times. Methods An experimental model of traumatic brain injury （TBI） in mice was established by an improved weight-drop device. Then Western blotting and immunohistochemical examination were used to detect the CBS expression in cerebral cortex around injury at different time points （1 h, 6 h, 12 h, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 7 d）. Results The results of Western blotting revealed that the expression level of CBS was down-regulated and reached its lowest level at the 3rd days after injury, and then restored to normal level after 7 days. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that CBS was present in the normal brain cortex. CBS expression gradually decreased at the 3rd days after injury, and then restored to normal level after 7 days. Conclusion CBS has the potential to be a reference index for time estimation after brain contusion in forensic practice. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Changes of HIF-1α and VEGF-A in Myocardial Tissue of Rats with Arrhythmias ZHANG YUAN, CAO ZHI-PENG, MAO RUI-MING, ET AL. 2017, 33(3): 225-231.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.03.002 Abstract ( 580 )   Objective To observe the expression changes of hypoxia inducible factor-1α（HIF-1α） and vascular endothelial growth factor-A （VEGF-A） in rats with arrhythmias, and to explore the differences of the expression pattern in the two indicators of acute myocardial ischemia caused by arrhythmias and coronary insufficiency. Methods The arrhythmia was induced by CaCl2, and the expression changes of HIF-1α and VEGF-A were detected by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and real-time PCR within 6 h after the arrhythmia in rats. Results The expression of HIF-1α and VEGF-A showed diffuse in the myocardial tissue of rats died from arrhythmias. Both of them increased in the early arrhythmia, then decreased. Extensive myocardial ischemia happened at the beginning of arrhythmia occurrence and its range didn’t expand with time. Conclusion The expressions of HIF-1α and VEGF-A in myocardium of the rats with arrhythmia can provide evidence for the differential diagnosis of acute myocardial ischemia caused by fatal arrhythmia and coronary insufficiency. Related Articles | Metrics

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Forensic Application of Objective Assessment on Visual Acuity by ERP LUO BIN, JI MENG-MENG, MENG HUAN-HUAN, ET AL. 2017, 33(3): 232-235.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.03.003 Abstract ( 664 )   Objective To explore the composition characteristic of event related potential （ERP） in different visual acuity levels, and to provide theoretical basis for the objective assessment of visual acuity. Methods Monocular stimulus was performed on 16 selected subjects. The subjects were required to look straight at the screen ahead and count the amount of stimuli from different directions. The pictures of optotype stimulus which corresponding to three different visual acuity levels were showed in the center of the screen. The ERP results were recorded separately. Results （1） The P1 amplitudes of match stimuli recorded under the supra-threshold visual acuity level were higher than that of match stimuli recorded under the threshold and sub-threshold visual acuity levels. There was no significant difference between the P1 amplitudes of match stimuli recorded under the threshold and sub-threshold visual acuity levels. The tendency of conflict stimuli was similar to that of match stimuli under three visual acuity levels. （2） In the 340-500 ms post-stimulus range, P300 component was found under supra-threshold and threshold visual acuity levels; no P300 component was found in corresponding time window under sub-threshold visual acuity. The differences of P300 amplitudes among three visual acuity levels were statistically significant. The amplitudes from high to low were the supra-threshold, threshold and sub-threshold visual acuity levels. Conclusion ERP can be a potential new method for the objective assessment of visual acuity in forensic medicine. Related Articles | Metrics

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Adult Stature Estimation by Multiple Parameters of Body Torso Segment WU RONG-QI, WANG TAO, SHI QUN, ET AL. 2017, 33(3): 236-238.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.03.004 Abstract ( 597 )   Objective To promote the further research on body stature estimation and the innovative applications based on the distances between the anatomical landmarks on body torso surface. Methods A specification for the collection of distances between the anatomical landmarks on body torso surface was established. The data of 933 cases of adult population in Yangtze River Delta region were collected. Multiple linear regression method was used to statistical analyse and establish the regression equation of stature estimation. Results A regression equation about 5 variables including gender （x1）, cervical vertebrae-coccyx line （x2）, sterna-pubis line （x3）, distance between acromion and iliospinale anterius （x4） and shoulder breadth （x5）, and stature （y） was established, y=105.406+5.414 x1+0.436 x2+0.286 x3+0.225 x4+ 0.193 x5. Conclusion The method is suitable for the rapid, simple and accurate estimation of stature for the forensic experts. Related Articles | Metrics

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Sixty-six Biallelic Genetic Markers on Y chromosome by MALDI-TOF-MS SONG YU-TONG, LI LI, ZHANG LI-NAN, ET AL. 2017, 33(3): 239-243.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.03.005 Abstract ( 516 )   Objective To analyse the genetic polymorphisms of 66 biallelic genetic markers on Y chromosome in Eastern Chinese Han population, and evaluate their values in forensic application. Methods Genotyping of 66 biallelic genetic markers on Y chromosome was studied in 205 unrelated males of Eastern Chinese Han population by multiplex PCR combined matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF-MS）. The allele frequencies on the loci to be tested were calculated by direct counting method, and the gene diversity （GD） and haplotype diversity （HD） were calculated by corresponding formulas. The haplotypes of this system were tested by software Arlequin v3.5.2.2 and the comparison of population genetics were analyzed. Results A total of 60 biallelic genetic markers on Y chromosome were polymorphic in males of Eastern Chinese Han population, and the ranges of GD were from 0.038 5 to 0.501 9. Eighty-five different haplotypes were observed and the HD was 0.970 3. The differences of partial SNP loci between the Han population of Eastern China and that of Xinjiang and Guangdong were statistically significance. Conclusion Sixty biallelic genetic markers and the detection system can complementally provide genetic information in kinship testing and individual identification. The MALDI-TOF-MS technology is able to type biallelic genetic markers. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of Criminal Characteristics in Depression Patients and Schizophrenics with Homicide Behavior WANG JING, FU PEI-XIN, GAO YAN-LI, ET AL. 2017, 33(3): 244-246.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.03.006 Abstract ( 670 )   Objective To explore the criminal characteristics of forensic psychiatry expertise in depression patients and schizophrenics with homicide behavior. Methods A total of 40 depression （depressive episode） patients and 50 schizophrenics with homicide behavior were randomly assigned into the study group and control group, respectively. Data of demographic and criminal characteristic of the two groups were collected by a self-designed questionnaire, and then were compared. Results There were no statistical differences in age, education level and career between study and control groups （P>0.05）. Compared with the control group, the victims in the study group were mainly the patient’s children and parents, and most offenders had suicidal behavior after homicide （70%）. In study group, the motives of crime were mainly extended suicide and indirect suicide, and most offenders had attempted suicide （85%） and diminished capacity of criminal responsibility （70%）, which in control group had no capacity of criminal responsibility （56%）. Except for criminal site, there were statistical differences in other criminal characteristics between two groups （P<0.05）. Conclusion There are different criminal characteristics between depression patients and schizophrenics with homicide behavior in forensic psychiatry, and these characteristics should be considered when these two diagnoses are distinguished in forensic psychiatry expertise. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Brodifacoum-induced Toxicity by Metabonomics Approach Based on HPLC-TOF-MS YAN HUI, ZHUO XIAN-YI, SHEN BAO-HUA, ET AL. 2017, 33(3): 247-251.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.03.007 Abstract ( 712 )   Objective To analyse the metabolic changes in urine of rats with brodifacoum intoxication, and to reveal the molecular mechanism of brodifacoum-induced toxicity on rats. Methods By establishing a brodifacoum poisoning rats model, the urine metabolic profiling data of rats were acquired using high performance liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry （HPLC-TOF-MS）. The orthogonal partial least squares analysis-discrimination analysis （OPLS-DA） was applied for the multivariate statistics and the discovery of differential metabolites closely related to toxicity of brodifacoum. Results OPLS-DA score plot showed that the urinary metabolic at different time points before and after drug administration had good similarity within time period and presented clustering phenomenon. Comparing the urine samples of rats before drug administration with which after drug administration, twenty-two metabolites related to brodifacoum-induced toxicity were selected. Conclusion The toxic effect of brodifacoum worked by disturbing the metabolic pathways in rats such as tricarboxylic cycle, glycolysis, sphingolipid metabolism and tryptophan metabolism, and the toxicity of brodifacoum is characterized of accumulation effect. The metabonomic method based on urine HPLC-TOF-MS can provide a novel insight into the study on molecular mechanism of brodifacoum-induced toxicity. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Role of Segmental Analysis of Clonazepam in Hair in Drug Facilitated Cases CHEN HANG, XIANG PING, SHEN MIN 2017, 33(3): 252-257.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.03.008 Abstract ( 819 )    Objective To infer the frequency of dosage and medication history investigate of the victims in drug facilitated cases by the segmental analysis of clonazepam in hair. Methods Freezing milling under liquid nitrogen environment combined with ultrasonic bath was used as sample pretreatment in this study, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used for the segmental analysis of the hair samples collected from 6 victims in different cases. The concentrations of clonazepam and 7-aminoclonazepam were detected in each hair section. Results Clonazepam and its metabolite 7-aminoclonazepam were detected in parts of hair sections from the 6 victims. The occurrence time of drug peak concentration was consistent with the intake timing provided by victims. Conclusion Segmental analysis of hair can provide the information of frequency of dosage and intake timing, which shows an unique evidential value in drug facilitated crimes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Forensic Identification on 32 Cases of Lumbar Spondylolysis TU LI-FANG, CHEN YI-PING, ZHANG SI-PING 2017, 33(3): 258-262.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.03.009 Abstract ( 756 )   Objective To explore the casual relationship and the significance of identification among the injury, disease and damage consequence in the disability evaluation of lumbar spondylolysis by the standard for identifying grading of disability caused by work-related injuries. Methods The general data, injury manner, clinical treatment and the imaging examination of 32 lumbar spondylolysis cases were collected and retrospectively analyzed. According to the degree of participation in the injury and damage consequence, the identification and assessment of casual relationship was made, and the grading of disability was assessed. Results For 32 cases, injury had no effect on damage consequence in 7 cases, slight effect in 5 cases, secondary effect in 13 cases, equivalent effect in 4 cases, and complete effect in 3 cases. According to the related items in the standard for identifying grading of disability caused by work-related injuries, 3 cases were rated level 7, 5 cases were level 8, 6 cases were level 9, 11 cases were level 11 among the cases which existed causal relationship. Conclusion The formation of lumbar spondylolysis is connected to the factors of age, anatomy, occupation and injury manner etc. The degree of disability should be accessed comprehensively after the analysis of the casual relationship among the injury, disease and damage consequence. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mutation Analysis of 19 STR Loci in 20 723 Cases of Paternity Testing BI JIE, CHANG JING-JING, LI MIAO-XIA, ET AL. 2017, 33(3): 263-266.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.03.010 Abstract ( 788 )   Objective To observe and analyze the confirmed cases of paternity testing, and to explore the mutation rules of STR loci. Methods The mutant STR loci were screened from 20 723 confirmed cases of paternity testing by Goldeneye 20A system．The mutation rates, and the sources, fragment length, steps and increased or decreased repeat sequences of mutant alleles were counted for the analysis of the characteristics of mutation-related factors. Results A total of 548 mutations were found on 19 STR loci, and 557 mutation events were observed. The loci mutation rate was 0.07‰-2.23‰. The ratio of paternal to maternal mutant events was 3.06:1. One step mutation was the main mutation, and the number of the increased repeat sequences was almost the same as the decreased repeat sequences. The repeat sequences were more likely to decrease in two steps mutation and above. Mutation mainly occurred in the medium allele, and the number of the increased repeat sequences was almost the same as the decreased repeat sequences. In long allele mutations, the decreased repeat sequences were significantly more than the increased repeat sequences. The number of the increased repeat sequences was almost the same as the decreased repeat sequences in paternal mutation, while the decreased repeat sequences were more than the increased in maternal mutation. Conclusion There are significant differences in the mutation rate of each locus. When one or two loci do not conform to the genetic law, other detection system should be added, and PI value should be calculated combined with the information of the mutate STR loci in order to further clarify the identification opinions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation of the Necrophagous Flies in Beijing CHEN LU-SHI, ZHU GUANG-HUI 2017, 33(3): 267-270.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.03.011 Abstract ( 1072 )   Objective To explore the number of necrophagous flies and seasonal distribution of common necrophagous flies at present in Beijing. Methods The specimens of necrophagous flies were collected by the methods of animal carcass, trapping and feeding. And the specimens were observed and counted after the classification and preservation. Results The necrophagous flies in Beijing belonged to 4 families, 9 subfamilies, 21 genera and 46 species, and 12 species of them were the first records in Beijing. The necrophagous flies had the characteristics of regional and seasonal distribution. Conclusion The data of seasonal distribution of necrophagous flies and common necrophagous flies in Beijing can provide reference for related research. Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic Polymorphisms of 30 InDel Loci in Ewenki Ethnic Group from Inner Mongolia JIN XIAO-YE, WEI YUAN-YUAN, HE YONG-FENG, ET AL. 2017, 33(3): 271-276.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.03.012 Abstract ( 833 )   Objective To study the genetic polymorphisms of 30 insertion/deletion （InDel） loci and evaluate their forensic application in Ewenki ethnic group from Inner Mongolia. Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from 87 unrelated healthy individuals in Ewenki ethnic group. Genomic DNA were extracted, and 30 InDel loci of the samples were multiplex amplified and genotyped. Hardy-Weinberg balance tests were preformed for all loci and genetic parameters were calculated by modified PowerStats v1.2 software. The linkage disequilibrium between loci were tested by SNPAnalyzer v2.0 software. Based on the allele frequencies of 30 InDel loci, the genetic relationships between Ewenki ethnic group and other populations were evaluated by analysis of molecular variance, principal component analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction. Results After correction, 30 InDel loci conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It was found that the pairwise InDel loci were in linkage equilibrium after Bonferroni correction. The results of population genetics indicated that Ewenki ethnic group had close genetic relationships with Henan Han and Beijing Han populations; whereas it was significantly different from several populations in Europe and Mexico. Conclusion There are relatively high genetic polymorphisms on 30 InDel loci of Ewenki ethnic group from Inner Mongolia, which can be used as a helpful supplement application for STR detection system. Related Articles | Metrics

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Genotyping of ABO Blood Group in Partial Population of Yunnan Province by SNaPshot Technology YU SHU-XIN, ZENG FA-MING, JIN YAN-ZHANG, ET AL. 2017, 33(3): 277-280.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.03.013 Abstract ( 659 )   Objective To detect the genotype of ABO blood group by SNaPshot technology. Methods DNA were extracted from the peripheral blood samples with known blood groups （obtained by serology） of 107 unrelated individuals in Yunnan. Six SNP loci of the 261th, 297th, 681th, 703th, 802th, and 803th nucleotide positions were detected by SNaPshot Multiplex kit, and relevant genetics parameters were calculated. Results In 107 blood samples, the allele frequencies of types A, B, OA, and OG were 0.355 1, 0.168 2, 0.230 0 and 0.247 6, respectively, while that of types AG and cis AB were not detected. The genotyping results of ABO blood group were consistent with that of serologic testing. Conclusion SNaPshot technology can be adapted for genotyping of ABO blood group. Related Articles | Metrics

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Individual Identification of Cartilage by Direct Amplification in Mass Disasters WANG CHUAN-HAI, XU CHENG, LI XIANG-QIN, ET AL. 2017, 33(3): 281-282.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.03.014 Abstract ( 589 )   Objective To explore the effectiveness of direct amplification for the STR analysis of cartilage, and to accelerate the effectiveness of disaster victim identification. Methods Eighty-eight cartilage samples were directly amplified by PowerPlex?誖21 kit, and the results of genotyping were compared with that obtained by the magnetic beads method. Results In 88 cartilage samples, the STR genotypes were successfully detected from 84 samples by direct amplification and magnetic beads method, and both the results of genotyping by two method were consistent. Conclusion Direct amplification with PowerPlex?誖21 kit can be used for STR genotyping of cartilages. This method is operated easily and promptly, which has a potential application in the individual identification of mass disasters. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of the Correlation between Caveolin and Unexpected Sudden Cardiac Death WU FANG-YU, GAI LIAN-LEI, KONG XIAO-PING, ET AL. 2017, 33(3): 284-288.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.03.015 Abstract ( 582 )   Due to the negative autopsy and without cardiac structural abnormalities, unexpected sudden cardiac death （USCD） is always a tough issue for forensic pathological expertise. USCD may be associated with parts of fatal arrhythmic diseases. These arrhythmic diseases may be caused by disorders of cardiac ion channels or channel-related proteins. Caveolin can combine with multiple myocardial ion channel proteins through its scaffolding regions and plays an important role in maintaining the depolarization and repolarization of cardiac action potential. When the structure and function of caveolin are affected by gene mutations or abnormal protein expression, the functions of the regulated ion channels are correspondingly impaired, which leads to the occurrence of multiple channelopathies, arrhythmia or even sudden cardiac death. It is important to study the effects of caveolin on the functions of ion channels for exploring the mechanisms of malignant arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of the Relationship between the Expression of TAR DNA-binding Domain Protein 43 and Brain Injury YE YAO, LI RU-BO, MA SHI-YU, ET AL. 2017, 33(3): 289-292.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.03.016 Abstract ( 611 )   TAR DNA-binding domain protein 43 （TDP-43） is a highly conserved and widely expressed nuclear protein. Nowadays, the expression of TDP-43 can be found in most neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, which makes it become a neurodegenerative disease associated marker protein. From the current research status at homeland and abroad, and around the relationship between the expression of TDP-43 and brain injury, this article emphatically probes into the specific expression and function of TDP-43 in acute and chronic brain injury based on the knowledge of its biological characteristics, which aims to explore the feasibility for determining the cause of death and the injury and disability situations by TDP-43 in forensic pathology. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on the Detection Method of DNA Methylation and Its Application in Forensic Science NIE YAN-CHAI, YU LI-JUAN, GUAN HUA, ET AL. 2017, 33(3): 293-300.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.03.017 Abstract ( 871 )   As an important part of epigenetic marker, DNA methylation involves in the gene regulation and attracts a wide spread attention in biological auxology, geratology and oncology fields. In forensic science, because of the relative stable, heritable, abundant, and age-related characteristics, DNA methylation is considered to be a useful complement to the classic genetic markers for age-prediction, tissue-identification, and monozygotic twins’ discrimination. Various methods for DNA methylation detection have been validated based on methylation sensitive restriction endonuclease, bisulfite modification and methylation-CpG binding protein. In recent years, it is reported that the third generation sequencing method can be used to detect DNA methylation. This paper aims to make a review on the detection method of DNA methylation and its applications in forensic science. Related Articles | Metrics