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28 December 2017, Volume 33 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Reconstruction of Vehicle-human Crash Accident and Injury Analysis Based on 3D Laser Scanning, Multi-rigid-body Reconstruction and Optimized Genetic Algorithm SUN JIE, WANG TAO, LI ZHENG-DONG, DENG , ET AL. 2017, 33(6): 575-580.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.06.001 Abstract ( 331 )   PDF (938KB) ( 710 )   Abstract： Objective To reconstruct a vehicle-bicycle-cyclist crash accident and analyse the injuries using 3D laser scanning technology, multi-rigid-body dynamics and optimized genetic algorithm, and to provide biomechanical basis for the forensic identification of death cause. Methods The vehicle was measured by 3D laser scanning technology. The multi-rigid-body models of cyclist, bicycle and vehicle were developed based on the measurements. The value range of optimal variables was set. A multi-objective genetic algorithm and the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm were used to find the optimal solutions, which were compared to the record of the surveillance video around the accident scene. Results The reconstruction result of laser scanning on vehicle was satisfactory. In the optimal solutions found by optimization method of genetic algorithm, the dynamical behaviours of dummy, bicycle and vehicle corresponded to that recorded by the surveillance video. The injury parameters of dummy were consistent with the situation and position of the real injuries on the cyclist in accident. Conclusion The motion status before accident, damage process by crash and mechanical analysis on the injury of the victim can be reconstructed using 3D laser scanning technology, multi-rigid-body dynamics and optimized genetic algorithm, which have application value in the identification of injury manner and analysis of death cause in traffic accidents. Related Articles | Metrics

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Time-dependent Protein Expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in Liver Contusion Rats after Impact WANG CHANG-LIANG, XIA ZHI-XIU, ZHANG GUO-HUA, DENG , ET AL. 2017, 33(6): 581-586.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.06.002 Abstract ( 228 )   PDF (1078KB) ( 590 )   Objective To observe the protein expression patterns of matrix metalloproteinase （MMP）-2 and MMP-9 in the liver tissue of liver contusion rats at different time after impact. Methods Fifty healthy adult male SD rats were randomly and evenly divided into control group and experimental groups （1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, 24 h, 3 d, 5 d, 7 d after liver contusion）. A rat liver contusion model was established by a free-falling device. The rats were killed at corresponding time, and the contused hepatic lobes were extracted. The protein expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in contused liver tissue of the rats in each group were observed by immunohistochemical staining （SP method） and Western blotting. Results After the liver contusion, the expression of positive cell and the protein semiquantitative result showed that the protein expression of MMP-2 enhanced at 6 h and peaked at 24 h, then decreased gradually at 3-5 d, and returned to normal levels at 7 d. The difference of expression between group and its previous adjacent group after 6 h （except 18 h） had statistical significance （P<0.05）. The protein expression of MMP-9 rose obviously at 1 h after liver contusion and peaked at 18 h, then decreased gradually at 3-7 d which still higher than control group. The expression difference between group and its previous adjacent group （except 12 h and 24 h） had statistical significance （P<0.05）. Conclusion The protein expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in contused liver tissue after impact show good time-dependent patterns, which may provide important reference indicators for the time estimation of liver contusion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of Brain Natriuretic Peptide in Myocardial Tissue of Sudden Cardiac Death and Non-sudden Cardiac Death LUO XIN-YI, XUE JIA-JIA, ZHANG , YUAN , DENG , ET AL. 2017, 33(6): 587-591.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.06.003 Abstract ( 253 )   PDF (909KB) ( 736 )   Objective To study the expression pattern of brain natriuretic peptide （BNP） in myocardial tissue from forensic routine cases and to explore its application value in the forensic determination of sudden cardiac death （SCD）. Methods The data of 96 autopsy cases accepted by the center of Medico-legal Investigation of China Medical University between December 2008 to May 2014 were collected. There were 62 cases in SCD group cardiac and 34 cases in non-SCD group. The myocardial tissues were taken from left and right ventricular wall, respectively. The expressions of BNP protein and BNP mRNA in myocardial tissue were detected by HE staining, immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-qPCR）, etc. Results The immunohistochemical staining of myocardial tissue showed diffusely positive staining in SCD group, and patchily or diffusely positive staining in non-SCD group with lighter degree. The result of Western blotting showed that the expression of BNP protein elevated in left ventricular wall of SCD group. The result of RT-qPCR showed a positive correlation between the BNP mRNA expressions in bilateral ventricular walls and the heart weight, bilateral lung weight, and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide （NT-proBNP） concentration. There were large differences between the BNP mRNA concentrations in SCD group and non-SCD group, and the former was statistically higher （P<0.05）. Conclusion The expressions of BNP protein and BNP mRNA in myocardial tissue are related to the causes of death. Combined with pathological changes, the expressions of BNP protein and BNP mRNA in myocardial tissue have certainly practical significance for the determination of SCD and the analysis of the death mechanism in the cases related to forensic pathology. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between Myofibril Fragmentation Index and Postmortem Interval SHEN LI, YUAN RUI-ZHONG, BIAN JIE, DENG , ET AL. 2017, 33(6): 592-598.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.06.004 Abstract ( 258 )   PDF (723KB) ( 532 )   Objective To study the relationship between myofibril fragmentation index （MFI） of human skeletal muscle and postmortem interval （PMI）. Methods The protein concentrations of human right biceps brachii muscle and right quadriceps femoris muscle were obtained at different PMI, and detected at room temperature by biuret method. The MFI of skeletal muscle at 540 nm was measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Regression analysis was performed with time of death as independent variable （x） and MFI as dependent variable （y）. Results In early PMI, the MFI of human skeletal muscle increased obviously according to the prolongation of PMI, and peaking by 12 h and then tended to steady. Within 12 h after death, the regression equations of right biceps brachii muscle and right quadriceps femoris muscle were y=32.660+3.227 x（r=0.987 9） and y=32.380+3.495 x（r=0.983 9）, respectively. Conclusion There’s high correlation between MFI and PMI. Combining with forensic practice, MFI can be used for the estimation of early PMI （especially in 12 h）. Related Articles | Metrics

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Range of Hip Joint Motion and Weight of Lower Limb Function under 3D Dynamic Marker XIA QING, ZHANG MIN, GAO DONG, DENG , ET AL. 2017, 33(6): 595-598.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.06.005 Abstract ( 300 )   PDF (730KB) ( 660 )   Objective To explore the range of reasonable weight coefficient of hip joint in lower limb function. Methods When the hip joints of healthy volunteers under normal conditions or fixed at three different positions including functional, flexed and extension positions, the movements of lower limbs were recorded by LUKOtronic motion capture and analysis system. The degree of lower limb function loss was calculated using Fugl-Meyer lower limb function assessment form when the hip joints were fixed at the aforementioned positions. One-way analysis of variance and Tamhane’s T2 method were used to proceed statistics analysis and calculate the range of reasonable weight coefficient of hip joint. Results There were significant differences between the degree of lower limb function loss when the hip joints fixed at flexed and extension positions and at functional position. While the differences between the degree of lower limb function loss when the hip joints fixed at flexed position and extension position had no statistical significance. In 95% confidence interval, the reasonable weight coefficient of hip joint in lower limb function was between 61.05% and 73.34%. Conclusion Expect confirming the reasonable weight coefficient, the effects of functional and non-functional positions on the degree of lower limb function loss should also be considered for the assessment of hip joint function loss. Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of Methamphetamine Abuse and Selegiline Use： Chiral Analysis of Methamphetamine and Amphetamine in Urine XIANG PING, BU JUN, QIAO ZHENG, DENG , ET AL. 2017, 33(6): 599-603.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.06.006 Abstract ( 363 )   PDF (835KB) ( 1266 )   Objective To study the content variation of selegiline and its metabolites in urine, and based on actual cases, to explore the feasibility for the identification of methamphetamine abuse and selegiline use by chiral analysis. Methods The urine samples were tested by chiral separation and LC-MS/MS method using CHIROBIOTICTM V2 chiral liquid chromatography column. The chiral analysis of methamphetamine and amphetamine were performed on the urine samples from volunteers of selegiline use and drug addicts whom suspected taking selegiline. Results After 5 mg oral administration, the positive test time of selegiline in urine was less than 7 h. The mass concentrations of R（-）-methamphetamine and R（-）-amphetamine in urine peaked at 7 h which were 0.86 ?滋g/mL and 0.18 ?滋g/mL and couldn’t be detected after 80 h and 168 h, respectively. The sources of methamphetamine and amphetamine in the urine from the drug addicts whom suspected taking selegiline were analysed successfully by present method. Conclusion The chiral analysis of methamphetamine and amphetamine, and the determination of selegiline’s metabolites can be used to distinguish methamphetamine abuse from selegiline use. Related Articles | Metrics

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Forensic Analysis of 498 Road Traffic Accident Deaths in Haikou City BAI RU, CHEN MING 2017, 33(6): 604-606.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.06.007 Abstract ( 395 )   PDF (718KB) ( 982 )   Objective To analyse the characteristics of road traffic accident deaths in Haikou city, and to provide reference for the identification of causes of death and the preventive measures. Methods Totally 498 road traffic accident deaths accepted by the Traffic Police Branch of Haikou City Public Security Bureau in 2014—2016 were collected, and the related parameters such as sex, age, time of the accidents, travel mode of the victims, the types of vehicle and the cause of death were analysed. Results Most victims aged 21-40 years old with the sex ratio of 3:1, and the accidents mainly happened in March, April, May and October and peaked at 6：01-8：00 and 20：01-22：00 per day. Riding motorbike and electric bicycle, as travel modes, had the highest accident incidence （30.9%）. The vast majority of involved vehicles were motorbike and electric bicycle （57.4%）. The most common cause of death was craniocerebral injury, followed by chest and abdominal injury. Conclusion The autopsy of road traffic accident deaths plays an important role in identification of death manner and responsibility confirmation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of SNP-STR Composed by D18S51 and Three SNPs of Its Flanking Region in Paternity Testing GAO JING-SHANG, YE YI, HOU YI-PING 2017, 33(6): 607-610.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.06.008 Abstract ( 358 )   PDF (755KB) ( 1061 )   Objective To develop a SNP-STR haplotype by consisting of the SNP and STR genetic markers, both of which locate in a haplotype block. To investigate its distribution in Han population from Chengdu, and explore its application in some special cases of paternity testing. Methods D18S51, one of the high mutation rate STR markers in combined DNA index system （CODIS）, and three SNP loci rs8089331, rs8094489 and rs7236090 in its flanking region, were chosen to establish SNP-STR. Its haplotype was obtained by nested allele-specific polymerase chain reaction, and the relevant distribution of 75 unrelated individuals were investigated in Han population from Chengdu. The SNP-STR haplotype was tentatively applied in duo paternity testing cases with D18S51 incompatibility. Results The SNP-STR typing method was established and a total of 43 haplotypes were obtained successfully in Han population from Chengdu. Its polymorphism was 0.948 6, and duo paternity testing cases were resolved by this method. Conclusion SNP-STR shows high diversity and can be applied in the identifications of some special paternity testing cases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic Polymorphism of 30 InDel Loci in Han Population from Jiangsu Province PAN MENG, JU XIAO-BIN, LIU YAN-TING, DENG , ET AL. 2017, 33(6): 611-614.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.06.009 Abstract ( 311 )   PDF (785KB) ( 766 )   Objective To investigate the genetic information of 30 insertion/deletion （InDel） loci in Han population from Jiangsu Province, and to explore the application values of Investigator?誖DIPplex kit for guiding the forensic analysis in Han population from Jiangsu Province. Methods The autosomal InDel loci of 305 unrelated healthy Han individuals from Jiangsu Province were genotyped and analysed by Investigator?誖DIPplex kit, and the allelic frequencies and forensic parameters of 30 InDel loci were statistically analysed. Results The distribution of 30 InDel loci in Han population from Jiangsu Province conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The minor allele frequencies of 21 InDel loci were above 0.3. The polymorphism information content ranged from 0.089 to 0.375, while the discrimination power distributed from 0.093 to 0.500. The paternity exclusion in duo cases and trio cases were 0.047-0.250 and 0.046-0.219, respectively. The linkage disequilibrium analysis of 30 InDel loci showed that all loci were independent from each other. The combined discrimination power was 1-7.369×10-8, whereas the combined mean exclusion chance in duo cases was 0.998 933 978, in trio cases was 0.997 806 392. The Fst values were all less than 0.06 except HLD118 and other four loci, which showed small differences between groups. Conclusion The InDel loci of Investigator?誖DIPplex kit can be used as complementary genetic markers for the cases associated with forensic genetics. Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of Hair Shafts by InnoTyper?誖21 Kit LI FU, ZHANG-MIN, WANG YING-XI, DENG , ET AL. 2017, 33(6): 615-618.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.06.010 Abstract ( 355 )   PDF (820KB) ( 706 )   Objective To explore the application value of InnoTyper?誖21 kit in forensic practice. Methods Samples of hair shafts and saliva were collected from 8 unrelated individuals. Template DNA was extracted by AutoMate ExpressTM forensic DNA automatic extraction system. DNA was amplified by InnoTyper?誖21 kit and AmpF?詛STRTM IdentifilerTM Plus kit, respectively, and then the results were compared. Results After the amplification by InnoTyper?誖21 kit, complete specific genotyping could be detected from the saliva samples, and the peak value of genotyping profiles of hair shafts without sheath cells was 57-1 219 RFU. Allelic gene deletion could be found sometimes. When amplified by AmpF?詛STRTM IdentifilerTM Plus kit, complete specific genotyping could be detected from the saliva samples, and the specific fragment was not detected in hair shafts without sheath cells. Conclusion The InnoTyper?誖21 kit has certain application value in the cases of hair shafts without sheath cells. Related Articles | Metrics

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Determination of 1-methylhydantoin Concentration in Blood by GC-MS Method and Its Application in Forensic Medicine GAO LI-NA, YUAN HUI-YA, XU 恩YU, DENG , ET AL. 2017, 33(6): 619-621.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.06.011 Abstract ( 292 )   PDF (776KB) ( 923 )   Objective To establish a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric （GC-MS） analysis method for quantifying 1-methylhydantoin concentration in whole blood. To provide technical support to forensic identification related cases of 1-methylhydantoin. Methods As an internal standard, 500 ng SKF525A was added to 0.5 mL blood sample, and then 2 mL 0.01 mol/L dilute hydrochloric acid and 0.5 g ammonium carbonate were added in order to buffer the pH value to 9, and following 2 mL ethyl acetate. The organic solvent layer was obtained after centrifuge and then analysed by GC-MS after drying. Results Good linear relationship of 1-methylhydantoin in blood was obtained in the range of 0.5-50 ng/mL. The equation of linear regression was y=0.015 51 x+0.007 26（R2=0.999 7） with 0.1 ng/mL detection limit, and the recovery was 93.02%-108.12%. The intra-day and inter-day precision were less than 6.07% and 13.37%, respectively. Conclusion The results gotten by this method is accurate and reproducible, which can be used for the determination of 1-methylhydantoin concentration in blood samples. Related Articles | Metrics

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Current Status of Forensic Identification for Blunt Injuries of Internal Carotid Arterial System WU XUE-MEI, ZHANG GENG, WANG QI, DENG 2017, 33(6): 622-628.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.06.012 Abstract ( 329 )   PDF (866KB) ( 817 )   Internal carotid arterial system is the main source of blood supply in brain. In forensic identification practice, blunt injures of internal carotid arterial system usually cause complications such as thrombus, aneurysm and arteriovenous fistula, etc. The deaths following delayed cerebral infarction or intracranial haemorrhage are not rare. At present, literature of deaths caused by blunt injuries of internal carotid arterial system mainly consist of case reports in China. This paper reviews related literature and case reports at home and abroad, and summarizes forensic medical features and identification method of the deaths caused by such injuries. The results show that blunt injures of internal carotid arterial system are related to the direct or indirect force on head and neck, which can result in exceed physiological range traction of head and neck, incision following basicranial fracture, etc. Such injuries are common in the cases as mechanical asphyxia, cervical manipulation, traffic accident and fall, etc. The artery should be examined carefully, and the relationship among injury, disease and death should be analysed correctly when no cause of infarction and hemorrhage was found in routine examination of such cases in forensic pratice. Because of the difficulty for exposing the artery completely in autopsy, angiography can be used to infer the location when necessary for improving the scientificity and reliability of the appraisal conclusion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advantages and Application Prospects of Deep Learning in Image Recognition and Bone Age Assessment HU TING-HONG, WAN LEI, LIU TAI-ANG, DENG , ET AL. 2017, 33(6): 629-634.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.06.013 Abstract ( 343 )   PDF (856KB) ( 1561 )   Abstract： Deep learning and neural network models have been new research directions and hot issues in the fields of machine learning and artificial intelligence in recent years. Deep learning has made a breakthrough in the applications of image and speech recognitions, and also has been extensively used in the fields of face recognition and information retrieval because of its special superiority. Bone X-ray images express different variations in black-white-gray gradations, which have image features of black and white contrasts and level differences. Based on these advantages of deep learning in image recognition, we combine it with the research of bone age assessment to provide basic datum for constructing a forensic automatic system of bone age assessment. This paper reviews the basic concept and network architectures of deep learning, and describes its recent research progress on image recognition in different research fields at home and abroad, and explores its advantages and application prospects in bone age assessment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on Determination and Analysis of Zopiclone in Biological Samples SHU CUI-XIA, GONG DAN, ZHANG LEI-PING, DENG , ET AL. 2017, 33(6): 635-639.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2017.06.014 Abstract ( 296 )   PDF (837KB) ( 648 )   As a new hypnotic, zopiclone is widely used in clinical treatment. There are many methods for determination of zopiclone, including spectrophotometry, chromatography and chromatography mass spectrum, etc. Present paper reviews different kinds of biological samples associated with zopiclone, extraction and purification methods, and determination and analysis methods, which aims to provide references for the relevant research and practice. Related Articles | Metrics