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Establishment of the Mathematical Model for PMI Estimation Using FTIR Spectroscopy and Data Mining Method WANG Lei, QIN Xin-Chao, LIN Han-Cheng, et al. 2018, 34(1): 1-6.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.01.001 Abstract ( 360 )   PDF (1184KB) ( 1539 )   Objective To analyse the relationship between Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectrum of rat’s spleen tissue and postmortem interval （PMI） for PMI estimation using FTIR spectroscopy combined with data mining method. Methods Rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and the cadavers were placed at 20 ℃. The FTIR spectrum data of rats’ spleen tissues were taken and measured at different time points. After pretreatment, the data was analysed by data mining method. Results The absorption peak intensity of rat’s spleen tissue spectrum changed with the PMI, while the absorption peak position was unchanged. The results of principal component analysis （PCA） showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components was 96%. There was an obvious clustering tendency for the spectrum sample at each time point. The methods of partial least squares discriminant analysis （PLS-DA） and support vector machine classification （SVMC） effectively divided the spectrum samples with different PMI into four categories （0-24 h, 48-72 h, 96-120 h and 144-168 h）. The determination coefficient （R2） of the PMI estimation model established by PLS regression analysis was 0.96, and the root mean square error of calibration （RMSEC） and root mean square error of cross validation （RMSECV） were 9.90 h and 11.39 h respectively. In prediction set, the R2 was 0.97, and the root mean square error of prediction （RMSEP） was 10.49 h. Conclusion The FTIR spectrum of the rat’s spleen tissue can be effectively analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by the combination of FTIR spectroscopy and data mining method, and the classification and PLS regression models can be established for PMI estimation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between FoxO1 Expression and Wound Age during Skin Incised Wound Healing CHEN Yang, JI Xin-Yi, FAN Yan-Yan, et al. 2018, 34(1): 7-12.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.01.002 Abstract ( 331 )   PDF (1817KB) ( 1026 )   Objective To investigate FoxO1 expression and its time-dependent changes during the skin incised wound healing. Methods After the establishment of the skin incised wound model in mice, the FoxO1 expression of skin in different time periods was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Results Immunohistochemistry staining showed that FoxO1 was weakly expressed in a few fibroblasts of epidermis, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, vessel endothelium and dermis in the control group. The FoxO1 expression was enhanced in the epidermis and skin appendages around the wound during 6-12 h after injury, which could be detected in the infiltrating neutrophils and a small number of monocytes. FoxO1 was mainly expressed in monocytes during 1-3 d after injury, and in neovascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts during 5-10 d. On the 14th day after injury, the FoxO1 expression still could be detected in a few fibroblasts. The Western blotting results showed that the FoxO1 expression quantity of the tissue samples in injury group was higher than in control group. The FoxO1 expression peaked at 12 h and 7 d after injury. Conclusion FoxO1 is time-dependently expressed in skin wound healing, which can be a useful marker for wound age determination. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Mixed-effect Model in PMI Estimation by Vitreous Humor YANG Ming-Zhen, LI Hui-Jun, ZHANG Tian-Ye, DENG ，et al. 2018, 34(1): 13-17.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.01.003 Abstract ( 284 )   PDF (549KB) ( 1069 )   Objective To test the changes of the potassium （K+） and magnesium （Mg2+） concentrations in vitreous humor of rabbits along with postmortem interval （PMI） under different temperatures, and explore the feasibility of PMI estimation using mixed-effect model. Methods After sacrifice, rabbit carcasses were preserved at 5 ℃, 15 ℃, 25 ℃ and 35 ℃, and 80-100 μL of vitreous humor was collected by the double-eye alternating micro-sampling method at every 12 h. The concentrations of K+ and Mg2+ in vitreous humor were measured by a biochemical-immune analyser. The mixed-effect model was used to perform analysis and fitting, and established the equations for PMI estimation. The data detected from the samples that were stoned at 10 ℃, 20 ℃ and 30 ℃ with 20, 40 and 65 h were used to validate the equations of PMI estimation. Results The concentrations of K+ and Mg2+ [f（x,y）] in vitreous humor of rabbits under different temperature increased along with PMI （x）. The relative equations of K+ and Mg2+ concentration with PMI and temperature under 5 ℃~35 ℃ were f■（x,y）=3.413 0+0.309 2 x+0.337 6 y+0.010 83 xy-0.002 47 x2 （P<0.000 1）, and f■（x,y）=0.745 6+0.006 432 x+0.033 8 y （P<0.000 1）, respectively. It was proved that the time of deviation for PMI estimation by K+ and Mg2+ was in 10 h when PMI was between 0 to 40 h, and the time of deviation was in 21 h when PMI was between 40 to 65 h. Conclusion In the ambient temperature range of 5 ℃-35 ℃, the mixed-effect model based on temperature and vitreous humor substance concentrations can provide a new method for the practical application of vitreous humor chemicals for PMI estimation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Time-dependent Expression of Nrf2 Protein and its Effects on Wound Repair in Skeletal Muscle ZHANG Xiao-Hong, LIU Ji, LI Na-1，et al 2018, 34(1): 18-22.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.01.004 Abstract ( 280 )   PDF (2274KB) ( 987 )   Objective To detect the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 （Nrf2） to explore its change rule and effects in the repair process of skeletal muscle. Methods An injury model of skeletal muscle was established by injection of cardiotoxin into the gastrocnemius muscle of SD male rats. The muscle samples were taken from control group and injury group at each time point （1 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 16 h, 1 d, 3 d, 5 d, 7 d, 9 d, 13 d, 17 d, 21 d）. The morphological changes of skeletal muscle in repair process were observed by H&E staining, and the content of reactive oxygen species （ROS） was detected. The expression level of Nrf2 protein was investigated by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry staining. Results After the skeletal muscle injury, the injury region was infiltrated with inflammatory cells which constituted mainly by lymphocyte neutrophils and mononuclear cells. There were large amounts of immature muscle cells appeared at the 5th day and the muscle repair was completed at the 21th day. Comparing with control group, the ROS content decreased in injury group at the 12th hour （P<0.05）, while Nrf2 expression increased at the 16th hour （P<0.05）. Moreover, the positive rate of Nrf2 increased after injury, and peaked at 16 h-1 d, then decreased gradually and returned to the level of control group （P<0.05）. Conclusion The Nrf2 protein involves in the regulation of the repair of skeletal muscle injury. The positive rate of Nrf2 shows a time-dependent expression, which can be used to estimate the wound age of skeletal muscle. Related Articles | Metrics

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Stature Estimation for Sichuan Han Female Based on Whole-spine X-ray Photo- graphy CUI Jing-Hui, LUO Ying-Zhen, FAN Fei，et al. 2018, 34(1): 23-26.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.01.005 Abstract ( 283 )   PDF (919KB) ( 886 )   Objective To establish regression models of stature estimation for Sichuan Han female by the measurement of total vertebral column length in the frontal and lateral X-ray films of whole-spine. Methods The frontal and lateral X-ray films of whole-spine were collected from 200 Sichuan Han females by large flat-panel multi-functional universal radiography and fluoroscopy system. The data and mean values of frontal and lateral total vertebral column length were measured and calculated in all the samples, respectively. The relationship of combined multi-markers and stature were analysed by linear regression analysis, and the mathematical models of stature estimation were established. The data of 30 new samples were selected and inputted for verifying the accuracy of the mathematical models. Results The total vertebral column length showed a good correlation with stature, and the mean values of the frontal and lateral X-ray films of total vertebral column length had the highest correlation coefficients. Three established linear regression equation models were statistically significant （P<0.05）, and the equation established with lateral total vertebral column length showed the highest accuracy. Conclusion The stature estimation by the measurement of total vertebral column length has high accuracy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Automated Assessment for Bone Age of Left Wrist Joint in Uyghur Teenagers by Deep Learning HU Ting-Hong, HUO Zhong, LIU Tai-Ang，et al. 2018, 34(1): 27-32.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.01.006 Abstract ( 309 )   PDF (3089KB) ( 1022 )   Objective To realize the automated bone age assessment by applying deep learning to digital radiography （DR） image recognition of left wrist joint in Uyghur teenagers, and explore its practical application value in forensic medicine bone age assessment. Methods The X-ray films of left wrist joint after pretreatment, which were taken from 245 male and 227 female Uyghur nationality teenagers in Uygur Autonomous Region aged from 13.0 to 19.0 years old, were chosen as subjects. And AlexNet was as a regression model of image recognition. From the total samples above, 60％ of male and female DR images of left wrist joint were selected as net train set, and 10％ of samples were selected as validation set. As test set, the rest 30％ were used to obtain the image recognition accuracy with an error range in ±1.0 and ±0.7 age respectively, compared to the real age. Results The modelling results of deep learning algorithm showed that when the error range was in ±1.0 and ±0.7 age respectively, the accuracy of the net train set was 81.4% and 75.6% in male, and 80.5% and 74.8% in female, respectively. When the error range was in ±1.0 and ±0.7 age respectively, the accuracy of the test set was 79.5% and 71.2% in male, and 79.4% and 66.2% in female, respectively. Conclusion The combination of bone age research on teenagers’ left wrist joint and deep learning, which has high accuracy and good feasibility, can be the research basis of bone age automatic assessment system for the rest joints of body. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of Bacteria ERIC-PCR Fingerprints of Index Fingers and Contactants LIU Yun-Ting, SUN Da-Ming, SHI Shao-Pei，et al. 2018, 34(1): 33-36.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.01.007 Abstract ( 262 )   PDF (806KB) ( 909 )   Objective To explore the bacteria relevance between index fingers and contactant’ surfaces （mobile phone touch screen and desktop of personal office table）. Methods Bacteria were collected from the index fingers, mobile phone touch screen and desktop of personal office table of 10 volunteers. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus （ERIC）-PCR fingerprint was established by PCR amplification technique of metagenome. Results There were 7 volunteers’ ERIC-PCR fingerprints of index fingers matched that took from the mobile phone touch screens, and different from each other. There were 3 volunteers’ ERIC-PCR fingerprints of index fingers matched that took from desk top of personal office table, and other 7 volunteers’ ERIC-PCR fingerprints did not match perfectly with that took from desk top of personal office table, but had at least one similar band for both. Conclusion The bacteria on index finger shows individual specificity, which on mobile phone touching screen and personal desktop may be a new biological sample of forensic identification. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Arsenic Compounds in Blood and Urine by HPLC-ICP-MS LIN Lin, ZHANG Su-Jing, XU Wei-Cong，et al. 2018, 34(1): 37-43.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.01.008 Abstract ( 295 )   PDF (753KB) ( 1102 )   Objective To establish an analysis method for the detection of 6 arsenic compounds [AsC, AsB, As（Ⅲ）, DMA, MMA and As（V）] in blood and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry （HPLC-ICP-MS）, and apply it to real cases. Methods Triton was used to damage cells, and then EDTA·2Na·2H2O was used to complex arsenic compounds in cells, and sonication and protein deposition by acetonitrile were performed for sample pretreatment. With the mobile phase consisted of ammonium carbonate and ultrapure water, gradient elution was performed for obtaining the arsenic compounds in samples, which were analysed by ICP-MS with Hamilton PRP-X100 column. Results The limits of detection in blood were 1.66-10 ng/mL, while the lower limits of quantitation in blood ranged from 5 to 30 ng/mL. The limits of detection in urine were 0.5-10 ng/mL, while the lower limits of quantitation in urine were 5-30 ng/mL. The relative standard deviation of inter-day and intra-day precisions was less than 10%. This method had been successfully applied to 3 cases. Conclusion This study has established an analysis method for detecting 6 common arsenic compounds in blood and urine, which can be used to detect the arsenic compounds in the blood and urine from arsenic poisoning cases as well as the patients under arsenic treatment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Activities of Daily Living Scale in Mild Psychiatric Impairment Assessment LIU Lu, LI Hao-Zhe, CHEN Chen，et al. 2018, 34(1): 44-48.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.01.009 Abstract ( 325 )   PDF (648KB) ( 1111 )   Objective To explore the application of activities of daily living （ADL） scale in mild psychiatric impairment assessment under the guideline of Classification of Human Body Disability Caused by Injury. Methods A total of 124 subjects with organic mental disorders and mild psychiatric impairments （levels 7 to 10）, and 106 healthy controls were included in. All participants were assessed by the ADL scale, physical self-maintenance scale （PSMS） and instrumental activities of daily living （IADL） scale. The difference between the scores of control group and study group, and the relationship of impairment level and the scores were compared, and the threshold value was determined according to the ROC curve. Results The total scores of ADL, IADL and PSMS were significantly different between the control group and the study group （P<0.05）. The scores of ADL, IADL, PSMS were significantly different among the impairment levels （P<0.05）, which showed a relativity with impairment level. The scores of ADL corresponding to levels 10, 9, 8 and 7 were 14-17, 18-23, 24-29 and 30-34, respectively, which showed a good correlation between the conclusion according to the scale and the expert’s opinion （κ= 0.914, P<0.05）. Conclusion The score of ADL was significantly related to mild psychiatric impairment, and the higher ADL score represents the more severe disability, which can be used as a reference index for preliminarily judging the level of mild psychiatric impairment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Vitreous Humor Detection Technique on Estimation of Postmortem Interval DUAN Wei-Cheng, LAN Ling-Mei, GUO Ya-Dong，et al. 2018, 34(1): 49-54.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.01.010 Abstract ( 376 )   PDF (923KB) ( 778 )   Estimation of postmortem interval （PMI） plays a crucial role in forensic study and identification work. Because of the unique anatomy location, vitreous humor is considered to be used for estima- ting PMI, which has aroused interest among scholars, and some researches have been carried out. The detection techniques of vitreous humor are constantly developed and improved which have been gradually applied in forensic science, meanwhile, the study of PMI estimation using vitreous humor is updated rapidly. This paper reviews various techniques and instruments applied to vitreous humor detection, such as ion selective electrode, capillary ion analysis, spectroscopy, chromatography, nano-sensing technology, automatic biochemical analyser, flow cytometer, etc., as well as the related research progress on PMI estimation in recent years. In order to provide a research direction for scholars and promote a more accurate and efficient application in PMI estimation by vitreous humor analysis, some inner problems are also analysed in this paper. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Determination of Drowning Site ZHAO Jian, XU Lun-Wu, KANG Xiao-Dong，et al. 2018, 34(1): 55-59.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.01.011 Abstract ( 340 )   PDF (667KB) ( 865 )   The bodies found in water are one of the most common types in forensic practice. The discovery site of the body is often not the drowning site. However, the determination of drowning site is vital for the identification of victim. Inorganic particles and planktons, such as granular impurities, diatoms and bacteria, are valuable markers for the diagnosis of drowning. By comparing the granular impurities and planktons in tissues and suspicious drowning mediums, the drowning site can be concluded based on their similarity of types and distribution, which has practical applied value. In this paper, the research progress on determination of drowning site is summarized to provide reference for the peers. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress and Forensic Application on the Pathogenesis of Coronary Artery Spasm QUE Chun-Xing, YU Yi-Jing, CHEN Han，et al. 2018, 34(1): 60-66.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.01.012 Abstract ( 296 )   PDF (765KB) ( 723 )   Coronary artery spasm （CAS） is a hyper-contraction of segmental coronary artery in response to multiple stimuli. At present, it’s still in lack of specific diagnostic indicators of sudden cardiac death caused by CAS. This review summarizes current researches on the mechanisms of CAS and describes the roles of vascular endothelial dysfunction and vascular smooth muscle hypersensitivity in the course of CAS. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of the endogenous NO and endothelin-1 cause vascular endothelial dysfunction, and the phosphorylation of MLC2, Rho kinase and endoplasmic reticulum stress related to vascular smooth muscle hypersensitivity are discussed. Meanwhile, the possibility of forensic application for the related molecules on the diagnosis of sudden cardiac death caused by CAS are also explored. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of the Effects of Monocular Visual Impairment on Binocular Vision TAN Si-Lei, CHEN Jie-Min, WANG Meng，et al. 2018, 34(1): 67-72.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.01.013 Abstract ( 269 )   PDF (721KB) ( 829 )   Binocular vision refers to a progress of analysing and integrating the binocular visual signals into a whole and three-dimensional sensory perception by higher nerve centre. In this process, the interac- tion between the two eyes results in the changes of output signal, which is called binocular interaction. Through a series of subjective and objective experiments, it can be concluded that binocular interaction can be divided into three types： facilitation, summation and suppression, and the forms of binocular interaction in different visual states are different. In general, the visual signal is processed by binocular interaction, so that there are some differences between binocular vision and monocular vision. The extent of the difference can be affected by the damage of monocular vision and then affects the binocular vision. Thus, it is necessary for forensic scientists to further study the effects of the monocular visual impairment on visual function. Based on relevant data, this paper reviews the mechanism of the monocular visual impairment in binocular vision, the research methods and the application prospect in forensic science. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of CircRNA and Its Application Prospect in Forensic Medicine TU Chun-Yan, JIN Kai-Di, SHAO Cheng-Chen，et al. 2018, 34(1): 73-78.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.01.014 Abstract ( 371 )   PDF (834KB) ( 821 )   Circular RNA （circRNA） is a type of noncoding RNA with tissue specificity and high stability, which forms a closed continuous loop and is abundantly expressed in tissue cells. According to recent research, the regulatory function of circRNA elucidating in the occurrence and development of disease shows a potential for diagnosing clinical disease and revealing disease mechanism. This paper reviews the biological characteristics, analysis methods of circRNA and its research progress in clinical application as biomarker, and outlooks its application in the field of forensic medicine. Related Articles | Metrics