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Effects of Temperature on FTIR Spectral Characteristics of Renal Tissue in Rats after Death#br# WANG Lei, WANG Qi, LIN Han-cheng，et al 2018, 34(3): 223-227.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.03.001 Abstract ( 175 )   PDF (1087KB) ( 608 )   Objective To analyse the Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectral data of renal tissue at different temperatures in rats after death, and to explore the effects of temperature on the FTIR spectral characteristics of renal tissue. Methods The rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and placed at 4 ℃, 20 ℃ and 30 ℃. The FTIR spectral data of renal tissue were collected at different time points and analysed by data mining method. Results The principal component analysis （PCA） results showed that there were significant trends of clustering in the samples of partial time point at 4 ℃, 20 ℃ and 30 ℃. Partial least square （PLS） regression models were established with the spectral data at three temperature groups. The performance of PLS regression models in 20 ℃ and 30 ℃ groups were more superior than that in 4 ℃ group, and the stability of the model in 20 ℃ group was better than that in 30 ℃ group. Conclusion There are differences in the FTIR spectral characteristics of renal tissue of rats after death at different temperatures. Temperature has a major impact on the performance of FTIR spectral PLS regression model. Therefore, in order to improve the accuracy of postmortem interval estimation, the effects of temperature on the model should be considered in the related study by spectral method. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Urinary Metabolic Profile in Rats with Deep Venous Thrombosis Based on Pattern Recognition CAO Jie1, Lv Xiao-ge2, LI Yu,et al 2018, 34(3): 228-232.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.03.002 Abstract ( 209 )   PDF (1792KB) ( 613 )   Objective To study the urinary metabolic profile in rats with deep venous thrombosis （DVT） based on metabolomics and to screen out small molecular biomarkers for the diagnosis and forensic identification of DVT. Methods Inferior vena cava of rats was ligated to construct DVT models. The rats were randomly divided into three groups： DVT, sham, and control groups, 10 in each group. The urine of DVT and sham rats was collected during 24 hours in the metabolic cage at 48 hours after operating, meanwhile, 24 hours urine was collected in control group. The metabolic profile was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance. SIMCA-P 14.1 software was used for pattern recognition. The variable importance in projection （VIP） value from orthogonal PLS-DA （OPLS-DA） model combined with Mann-Whitney U test were used to search the different metabolites in the urine. Results The metabolic profiles of urine from DVT, sham, and control groups had significant differences. The DVT, sham, and control groups could be distinguished by the partial least squares method-discriminant analysis （PLS-DA） model. Compared with the urine of the rats in control groups, the levels of leucine, glutamine, creatine, creatinine and sucrose in the urine of DVT rats were up-regulated, and the levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, acetone, α-oxoglutarate, citrate and hippurate were down-regulated. Conclusion The different metabolites in the urine of DVT rats are expected to become its candidate biomarkers. The results can provide a research basis for the diagnosis, treatment and forensic identification of DVT. Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between Movement Distance of Small Intestinal Contents and Survival Time in Female Rats after Feeding#br# CHEN Lin, FANG Jun-jie, MENG Gang，et al 2018, 34(3): 233-235；252.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.03.003 Abstract ( 164 )   PDF (985KB) ( 561 )   Objective To study the correlation between the movement distance of small intestinal contents and survival time in female SD rat models after one-time satiation, and to evaluate its application value for postmortem interval estimation. Methods Adult female SD rats were randomly divided into postprandial groups （1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h after feeding） and control group. The postprandial groups were fed for 1 h, meanwhile control group was kept fasting. All rats were sacrificed at the given time. The contents in stomach and small intestine were observed, described, compared and photographed, and the movement distance of small intestinal contents was measured. The data of postprandial groups were analysed by one-way analysis of variance. Results The stomach and duodenum of control group were empty with a little thin and yellow small intestinal liquid. The gastral cavities of 1 h postprandial group were full of undigested food. The evolutionary changes of character, colour and content were observed in the gastric and small intestinal contents of other postprandial groups. The movement distance of intestinal contents increased while the empty part decreased gradually. The differences among the postprandial groups were statistically significant （P<0.05）. Conclusion After a 24 h fasting with free drinking and the following 1 h feeding, an ideal animal model can be established successfully on female SD rats, which can provide an experimental basis for postmortem interval estimation based on the changes of small intestinal contents in forensic practice. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Assessment on Application of 24 Y-STR Loci in Forensic Science LI Min, HUANG Lei, WANG Xin-jie，et al 2018, 34(3): 236-241.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.03.004 Abstract ( 246 )   PDF (710KB) ( 690 )   Objective To select a Y-STR marker system with strong haplotype identification ability, appropriate mutation rate and high compatibility and to assess its forensic application. Methods The 24 Y-STR loci were tested by self-built fluorescent multiplex system, and the forensic assessment was conducted by 139 pairs of father-son samples collected in Jinan, Shandong province. Results Totally 176 alleles were identified among the 24 Y-STR loci in the sample of 139 unrelated individuals labeled with father, and the gene diversity （GD） distributed between 0.083 7 （DYS645）-0.966 9 （DYS385a/b）. According to the 24 Y-STR loci, 139 different haplotypes were detected from 139 unrelated male individuals labeled with father in Han population of Shandong province and with no shared haplotype observed. The overall haplotype diversity （HD） was 1 and the discrimination capacity （DC） was 1. A total of 5 one-step mutations events were observed among the 24 Y-STR loci in 139 pairs of father-son. The average mutation rate was 0.001 5 [95% CI （0.000 5, 0.003 5）]. Conclusion The system of 24 Y-STR loci shows a strong individual recognition ability and low mutation rate in the population in Jinan, Shandong province, and it has good application value in forensic science. Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic Parameters of SNP Loci in Next Generation Sequencing Kits and Their Comparison ZHOU Mi, ZHANG Ke, WANG Jun 2018, 34(3): 242-247.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.03.005 Abstract ( 324 )   PDF (532KB) ( 695 )   Objective To calculate genetic parameters of SNP loci in next generation sequencing kits, and to compare them with STR loci for establishing the conversion ratio between SNP and STR system effectiveness. Methods Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium tests were performed in 101 SNP loci of next generation sequencing kits （ForenSeqTM DNA Signature Prep kit and Precision ID Identity Panel kit）. The parameters of system effectiveness of SNP loci in the cases of personal identification, trios, duos, and alleged parents were calculated, which were compared with the genetic parameters of STR loci. Results Except 2 loci without the data of genotype frequency, other 99 SNP loci conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium tests （P>0.05）. In ForenSeqTM DNA Signature Prep kit, the CDP of 94 SNP loci was 1-1.152 1×10-34, CPEtrio was 1-4.416 9×10-8, CPEduo was 1-8.483 7×10-5, and CPEAP was 1-1.222 7×10-12. In Precision ID Identity kit, the CDP was 1-2.052 4×10-33, CPEtrio was 1-8.709 3×10-8, CPEduo was 1-1.163 8×10-4, and CPEAP was 1-3.725 7×10-12. In the cases of personal identification, trios, duos and alleged parents, the system effectiveness of 2.85, 4.51, 4.88 and 4.55 SNP loci was equal to that of 1 STR locus, respectively. Conclusion With high system effectiveness of SNP loci, the next generation sequencing kits is suitable for personal identification and paternity testing in forensic science. Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of New Designer Benzodiazepine Diclazepam in Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault#br# XIANG Ping, SHEN Bao-hua, YAN Hui,et al 2018, 34(3): 248-252.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.03.006 Abstract ( 300 )   PDF (7067KB) ( 1022 )   Objective To identify the new designer drugs which are totally unknown and not in the routine testing list by the technologies such as high-resolution mass spectrometry in drug facilitated sexual assault, in order to solve the problem in actual cases. Methods The milky fluid from an actual case was extracted and analyzed using LC-QE, 1H-NMR and GC-MS, respectively. The accurate masses and cluster ions isotope patterns of unknown compound were obtained by LC-QE. The molecular formula was confirmed as C16H12Cl2N2O based on the protons number of 1H-NMR. The isomers diclazepam and 4-chlorodiazepam were separated and detected with GC-MS. Results The new designer benzodiazepine as diclazepam in the milky fluid was identified. The results provided direct evidence for the investigation and qualitative analysis of such cases. Conclusion The combined application of various methods, including LC-QE, 1H-NMR and GC-MS, can be used to detect unknown new psychoactive substances. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of 124 Suicide Cases in Wuhua District in Kunming FU Hua, DAI Wei-wei, JIA Peng-lin，et al 2018, 34(3): 253-256.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.03.007 Abstract ( 361 )   PDF (476KB) ( 822 )   Objective To analyze the relationship between the suicide method and the sex, age, education background and cause of suicide to provide reference for the forensic identification of suicide. Methods After scene investigation, external body examination, autopsy and case investigation, 124 identified suicide cases which happened in recent three years in Wuhua district in Kunming were collected. Analytical methods as chi-square test and descriptive statistics were performed by SPSS 22.0. Results In all the suicide cases, male to female ratio was 1.53∶1. The suicide methods were mainly fatal fall, hanging and drowning. The ratio of local to non-native residents was 1∶1. The suicide rate in the people with primary school or junior middle school education level was highest. The group of >10-50 years tended to choose fatal fall suicide and people over 60 years were more likely to choose hanging. People with different academic background tended to choose fatal fall suicide. The suicide methods as fatal fall and hanging were chosen because of mental and physical diseases and economic problems, while the suicides with emotional problems were more likely to choose fatal fall and poisoning. Conclusion Suicide belongs to a kind of complex cases. For the cases of suspected suicide, complete exploration and overall consideration should be done to determine the nature of cases based on comprehensive analysis of all the influence factors. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on Injury Manners of 31 Cases of Bennett Fracture and Rolando Fracture ZHOU Xiao-rong, RAN Dan 2018, 34(3): 257-259.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.03.008 Abstract ( 326 )   PDF (353KB) ( 823 )   Objective To study the injury manners of Bennett fracture and Rolando fracture and explore its identification principle of the first metacarpal base fractures. Methods Totally 31 cases of Bennett fracture and Rolando fracture were collected. The injury manners of cases of 19 Bennett fractures and 12 Rolando fracture were classified, and various injury manners were analysed statistically. Results The injury manners of the cases of 19 Bennett fracture and 12 Rolando fracture were divided into three types, including the first metacarpus hit hard objects during a punching, the first metacarpus hit hard objects when making fists and fell, or the first metacarpus was punched by hard objects when making fists. Conclusion The injury mechanism of Bennett fracture and Rolando fracture is formed by a force on the first metacarpus when making fists, which transmits to the basilar part along the vertical axis of metacarpus. The inference of injury manners should be focused on the confirmation of entrusted matters. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of Lung Compression Degree Measurement Software of Pneumothorax and Its Application in Forensic Medicine WU Yong-bo, WU Bin, LI Yang, et al 2018, 34(3): 260-263.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.03.009 Abstract ( 224 )   PDF (1162KB) ( 626 )   Objective To develop a measurement software of lung compression degree to calculate the lung compression ratio in pneumothorax patients accurately and quickly, and then provide an objective assessment of damage degree in forensic clinical identification. Methods A volume calculation software was established according to the working principle of the CT instrument. CT data of 15 pneumothorax patients were selected as research objects. The lung compression ratio of pneumothorax patient was calculated by the lung compression volume calculation software of the CT instrument. Meanwhile, the lung compression ratio was also calculated by the developed volume calculation software. The lung compression ratio and operation time calculated by the two methods were analyzed statistically. Scatter plot graphs were draw based on related data, and the developed volume calculation software was verified. Results The difference between the lung compression ratios calculated by the two methods was not statistically significant, but showed a linear correlation （P<0.05）. The operation time of the developed volume calculation software was obviously shorter. Conclusion The volume calculation software developed in this study can calculate the lung compression degree of pneumothorax more conveniently and rapidly with easy accessibility, which shows an application value in the forensic practice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic Polymorphisms of 19 STR Loci in Populations of Three Culture Region in Shandong ZHANG Shan-shan, TANG Yu-qiu, ZHANG Mao-xiu,et al 2018, 34(3): 264-269.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.03.010 Abstract ( 238 )   PDF (7039KB) ( 799 )   Objective To analyse the genetic polymorphisms of 19 autosomal STR loci in Han population of east, middle-northwest and southwest-south Shandong and to explore its genetic relationships among the population of these three regions. Methods STR loci of 1 044 unrelated Han individuals in three Shandong regions were typed with a Goldeneye?誖DNA ID System 20A kit. The allele frequency and population genetics parameters of 19 autosomal STR loci were statistically analysed by Modified-Powerstates software. The genetic distances among the population in three regions were calculated by Arlequin v3.5 software. The phylogenetic tree was conducted using MEGA v4.0 software. Results Fifteen of 19 autosomal STR loci were detected with the H values greater than 0.7, PIC values greater than 0.7, and DP values greater than 0.9 in the populations of all three Shandong regions. Among the populations in these three regions, the genetic distance between the populations in middle-northwest and southwest-south Shandong was closest （Fst=0.000 16）, followed by east and southwest-south Shandong （Fst=0.0003 6）. The genetic distance between the populations in east and middle-northwest Shandong was the farthest （Fst=0.000 66, P<0.05）. Conclusion The 19 autosomal STR loci show good genetic polymorphisms in Han population of three Shandong regions, and 15 of them are high. There are genetic differences between the populations in east and middle-northwest Shandong. Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic Polymorphisms of 27 Y-STR Loci in Dongxiang Population of Gansu Province#br# LIU Ya-ju, GUO Li-hong, LI Jin, et al 2018, 34(3): 270-275.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.03.011 Abstract ( 215 )   PDF (511KB) ( 675 )   Objective To investigate the genetic polymorphisms of 27 Y-STR in Dongxiang population of Gansu province, and to explore the population genetic relationship and the value of forensic application. Methods The genotyping of 27 Y-STR loci in 526 unrelated male individuals in Dongxiang population of Gansu province were detected by STRtyper-27Y kit. The allele frequencies and haplotype diversity were also calculated. Combining with other genetics data of 14 loci in same populations, which have been published at home and abroad, the genetic distance and clustering relationship in Dongxiang population of Gansu province were calculated. Results Totally 55 haplotypes were found in the DYS385a/b biallelic loci, 39 haplotypes in DYF387S1 loci, and 4-16 alleles in the rest 23 single copy STR loci. The GD value was from 0.453 9 （DYS391） to 0.957 5 （DYS385a/b）. Totally 471 haplotypes were observed in 27 Y-STR loci in 526 individuals, and the value of haplotypes diversity was 0.999 5. The genetic distance between Dongxiang and Tibetan populations of Gansu province was the closest （0.068 2）, while it was the longest between Dongxiang population in Gansu province and Han population in Henan province （0.084 7）. The result of dimensional analysis established upon the genetic distance was basically matched with that of the cluster analysis. Conclusion The 27 Y-STR loci show a high genetic polymorphism in Dongxiang population of Gansu province, which has significance for the Y-STR database establishment, population genetics study and forensic practice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Traffic Accident Reconstruction Technology Based on PC-Crash Software#br# HE Yong-wang, ZENG Xiao-feng, YAN Wen,et al 2018, 34(3): 276-279；285.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.03.012 Abstract ( 492 )   PDF (642KB) ( 890 )   With the development of the computer simulation technology and the digital simulation technology, the traditional calculation method has been gradually replaced by the digital method to deal the road traffic accident scene and analyse the process. The PC-Crash software simulation system can reconstruct the traffic accidents within 32 vehicles, and the accuracy of reconstruction has been fully verified, which is widely used by the transport police department and the accreditation agency. In this paper, the research of road traffic accident reconstruction using PC-Crash software is reviewed, and the application of road traffic accident reconstruction technology based on PC-Crash software and some existing problems in forensic practice are discussed, which provides reference for the research and identification of road traffic accident simulation and reconstruction and theoretical basis for accident treatment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Age Estimation Based on Age-related Changes of Dentin-pulp Complex CHU Guang, ZHANG Zhi-yong, ZHOU Hong, et al 2018, 34(3): 280-285.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.03.013 Abstract ( 333 )   PDF (660KB) ( 706 )   Age estimation is a hot and difficult issue in forensic practice. Teeth are the most solid organs in human body and can be kept in vitro for a long time. With age, the secondary dentin gradually generates and the volume of pulp cavity constantly decreases. Therefore, forensic dentists proposed that age-related changes of dentin-pulp complex could be used to estimate age, which has been widely applied in forensic practice over the years. Due to the development of imaging technology, a variety of methods have been advocated by forensic dentists to detect the age-related changes of dentin-pulp complex for age estimation. However, different methods have their own advantages and limitations, forensic scientists should combine the use of different methods for improving the accuracy of age estimation according to the actual situation. This paper reviews current research of age estimation based on dentin-pulp complex, so as to provide reference for related research. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on Molecular Biology for Forensic Ancestry Inference SUN Kuan, HOU Yi-ping 2018, 34(3): 286-293.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.03.014 Abstract ( 376 )   PDF (819KB) ( 887 )   Forensic ancestry inference refers to the application of ancestry inference of population genetics in forensic practice, which aims to assist police investigation and judicial trial. With the rapid development and extensive use of genomics, DNA as a direct carrier of genetic information, has soon replaced various phenotypic markers and become the main research topics of forensic ancestry inference. This paper reviews different kinds of genetic markers used for forensic ancestry inference, the statistical analysis methods applied, and the prospects of the development in this field. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Touch DNA in Investigation Practice LU Xuan, XU Zhen, NIU Qing-shan，et al 2018, 34(3): 294-298.  DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2018.03.015 Abstract ( 616 )   PDF (777KB) ( 1077 )   With the continuous development of DNA extraction and testing technology, the DNA left at a crime scene plays a decisive role in the determination of criminal suspects in criminal investigation. But in the meanwhile, the anti-reconnaissance awareness of suspect is growing, which leads to a decrease of evidence left at scene during and after a crime. Therefore, in the process of evidence collection at scene, the finding and extraction of touch biological evidence, and the DNA detection are more and more important. At present, the proportion of touch evidence at the crime scene increases, which plays an increasingly important role in the detection of cases. However, with the characteristics of minute quantities, small size and secrecy, these touch evidence is difficult to be observed. What’s more, various forms of pollution at the scene greatly accelerate the degradation rate of trace material, thus, the test and analysis of such material has become the emphasis and difficulty of the forensic evidence identification. This article reviews different kinds, collection and extraction methods of touch DNA, the factors that affect the detection and the problems may meet in the detection for providing an application prospect to the forensic practice. Related Articles | Metrics