法医学杂志

法医学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (1): 74-82.DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2023.631201

• 综述 • 上一篇    下一篇

日本环境损害赔偿制度的发展与实践探析

贺凯1,2(), 袁金龙1, 邱昌茂3, 刘泽军1, 齐元峰4, 高振会5   

  1. 1.中山大学土木工程学院，广东 珠海 519082
    2.中山大学水资源与环境研究中心，广东 广州 510640
    3.湖南大学法学院，湖南 长沙 410082
    4.青岛理工大学环境与市政工程学院，山东 青岛 266520
    5.山东大学生态环境损害鉴定研究院，山东 青岛 266237
  • 收稿日期:2023-12-01 发布日期:2025-05-19 出版日期:2025-02-25
  • 作者简介:贺凯（1986—），男，博士，副教授，博士研究生导师，主要从事环境损害鉴定、污染物特征识别及溯源等工作；E-mail：hekai7@mail.sysu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划“政府间国际科技创新合作”重点项目(2022YFE0104900);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金联合基金重点项目(2024A1515011909);广东省佛山市核心技术攻关项目(2230218004273);珠海市社会发展领域科技计划项目(2320004000067)

Analysis of the Development and Implementation of the Environmental Damage Compensation System in Japan

Kai HE1,2(), Jin-long YUAN1, Chang-mao QIU3, Ze-jun LIU1, Yuan-feng QI4, Zhen-hui GAO5   

  1. 1.School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong Province, China
    2.Research Center of Water Resources and Environment, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510640, China
    3.Hunan University Law School, Changsha 410082, China
    4.School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, Shandong Province, China
    5.Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong Province, China
  • Received:2023-12-01 Online:2025-05-19 Published:2025-02-25

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摘要：

20世纪50至60年代，日本因实施以经济发展为优先的政策，企业废水与废气排放缺乏有效监管，引发了包括水俣病在内的“四大公害病”，造成严重的社会与公共健康问题。为更有效地应对公害问题并为受害者提供补偿，日本政府自20世纪70年代起逐步建立了具有行政救济性质的环境损害赔偿制度。经过长期实践与制度优化，该体系已形成一套分工明确、协同高效的成熟制度框架。本文系统梳理了日本环境损害赔偿制度的发展历程，深入分析其法律基础与配套政策，旨在为我国环境损害赔偿制度的构建与完善提供有益借鉴。同时，本文以水俣病案例为切入点，解析其在赔偿实践中的具体机制与成效，进一步揭示该制度在实际运行中的特点与启示，为我国环境治理法治体系建设提供参考依据。

关键词: 法医学, 司法鉴定, 环境损害, 损害赔偿制度, 公害事件, 日本

Abstract:

In the 1950s and 1960s, Japan’s implementation of policies prioritizing economic development caused a lack of effective supervision over the discharge of industrial wastewater and exhaust gases, which led to the occurrence of the “Four Major Pollution Diseases”, including Minamata disease, causing serious social and public health problems. To more effectively address public nuisances and provide compensation to victims, the Japanese government gradually established an environmental damage compensation system with administrative relief characteristics since the 1970s. Through long-term practice and system optimization, this system has evolved into a mature institutional framework with a clear division of labor and efficient collaboration. This paper systematically reviews the development process of Japan’s environmental damage compensation system and deeply analyzes its legal framework and supporting policies, aiming to provide useful references for the construction and improvement of China’s environmental damage compensation system. Meanwhile, through the case analysis of Minamata disease, the paper explores the specific mechanisms and effects in the compensation practices, further revealing the system’s operational characteristics and implications, and providing a reference basis for the construction of China’s environmental governance legal system.

Key words: forensic medicine, forensic identification, environmental damage, damage compensation system, public nuisance incident, Japan

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