法医学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (3): 260-266.DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2024.540306
白一帆1,2(
), 赵禾苗2, 陈静2, 刘洪迪2, 杨瑞琴1(
), 王冲2(
)
收稿日期:2024-03-25
发布日期:2025-09-15
出版日期:2025-06-25
通讯作者:
杨瑞琴,王冲
作者简介:白一帆(2001—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事理化检验研究;E-mail:yilu680@126.com
基金资助:
Yi-fan BAI1,2(
), He-miao ZHAO2, Jing CHEN2, Hong-di LIU2, Rui-qin YANG1(
), Chong WANG2(
)
Received:2024-03-25
Online:2025-09-15
Published:2025-06-25
Contact:
Rui-qin YANG, Chong WANG
摘要:
体液斑迹的组织来源推断对于案件侦办和法庭诉讼至关重要。传统的体液斑迹鉴定方法如形态学法、化学法、免疫法推断等存在一定的局限性,亟须使用更高效的方法进行确证实验。近年来,转录组学技术为体液斑迹组织来源推断提供了新的手段。转录组中不同类型RNA各有优势,本文详细阐述了mRNA、miRNA、circRNA、lncRNA、piRNA等不同类型RNA和微生物转录组在体液鉴定中的应用,并总结其优势及局限性,以期为相关研究提供参考。
中图分类号:
白一帆, 赵禾苗, 陈静, 刘洪迪, 杨瑞琴, 王冲. 法医转录组学技术在体液斑迹组织来源推断中的应用[J]. 法医学杂志, 2025, 41(3): 260-266.
Yi-fan BAI, He-miao ZHAO, Jing CHEN, Hong-di LIU, Rui-qin YANG, Chong WANG. Application of Forensic Transcriptomics in the Identification of Tissue Origin of Body Fluid Stains[J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2025, 41(3): 260-266.
| 种类 | 长度/bp | 主要功能 | 应用优点 | 应用缺点 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mRNA | 几百到几千 | 将DNA中的遗传信息传递到核糖体 | mRNA可与DNA共提取[ | 不同mRNA标记之间可能存在交叉反应;mRNA稳定性较差[ |
| miRNA | 20~24 | 与mRNA结合,通过调节mRNA的稳定性和翻译效率来影响基因表达 | miRNA长度较短,稳定性较好,在陈旧及复杂样本中的检测具有较高的稳定性[ | 需要用qPCR、二代测序等仪器分析,对技术、设备要求较高;miRNA表达水平与疾病密切相关[ |
| circRNA | 几百到几千 | 吸附并中和miRNA,从而解除miRNA对其目标mRNA的抑制作用 | circRNA稳定性强,可以抵抗RNA酶消化[ | 单独检测能力差,需要与mRNA标记联合检测 |
| piRNA | 24~32 | 与Piwi蛋白家族成员结合,主要在生殖细胞中发挥作用,参与调控基因表达和维持基因组稳定性 | 长度较短,3′末端核苷酸的2′-O-甲基化修饰有助于提高稳定性;能较好地区分有生殖细胞的体液和没有生殖细胞的体液[ | 与生殖细胞高度相关,对于其他体液斑迹识别能力差,应用范围有限 |
| lncRNA | >200 | 长度较长,可以形成复杂的二级和三级结构 | 可利用lncRNA中的SNP和InDel进行基因分型,从而进行个体识别 | 目前对lncRNA在不同体液中表达谱的了解仍然有限,这限制了lncRNA在体液斑迹鉴定中的应用范围 |
| 微生物转录组 | 因种类而异 | 负责微生物的蛋白质合成、基因表达调控 | 能够反映不同体液组织中较为活跃的微生物类型,具有较好的组织特异性 | 微生物转录组的检测对技术、设备要求较高且数据分析难度大;微生物转录组表达受个体、环境因素影响大 |
表1 不同类型转录组RNA在体液斑迹鉴定中的应用
Tab. 1 Application of different types of transcriptomes in the identification of body fluid stains Continued Tab. 1
| 种类 | 长度/bp | 主要功能 | 应用优点 | 应用缺点 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mRNA | 几百到几千 | 将DNA中的遗传信息传递到核糖体 | mRNA可与DNA共提取[ | 不同mRNA标记之间可能存在交叉反应;mRNA稳定性较差[ |
| miRNA | 20~24 | 与mRNA结合,通过调节mRNA的稳定性和翻译效率来影响基因表达 | miRNA长度较短,稳定性较好,在陈旧及复杂样本中的检测具有较高的稳定性[ | 需要用qPCR、二代测序等仪器分析,对技术、设备要求较高;miRNA表达水平与疾病密切相关[ |
| circRNA | 几百到几千 | 吸附并中和miRNA,从而解除miRNA对其目标mRNA的抑制作用 | circRNA稳定性强,可以抵抗RNA酶消化[ | 单独检测能力差,需要与mRNA标记联合检测 |
| piRNA | 24~32 | 与Piwi蛋白家族成员结合,主要在生殖细胞中发挥作用,参与调控基因表达和维持基因组稳定性 | 长度较短,3′末端核苷酸的2′-O-甲基化修饰有助于提高稳定性;能较好地区分有生殖细胞的体液和没有生殖细胞的体液[ | 与生殖细胞高度相关,对于其他体液斑迹识别能力差,应用范围有限 |
| lncRNA | >200 | 长度较长,可以形成复杂的二级和三级结构 | 可利用lncRNA中的SNP和InDel进行基因分型,从而进行个体识别 | 目前对lncRNA在不同体液中表达谱的了解仍然有限,这限制了lncRNA在体液斑迹鉴定中的应用范围 |
| 微生物转录组 | 因种类而异 | 负责微生物的蛋白质合成、基因表达调控 | 能够反映不同体液组织中较为活跃的微生物类型,具有较好的组织特异性 | 微生物转录组的检测对技术、设备要求较高且数据分析难度大;微生物转录组表达受个体、环境因素影响大 |
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