法医精神病学的研究现状与挑战

doi:10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2025.151201

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作为精神医学与法学的交叉学科，法医精神病学承担着评估刑事责任能力、精神损伤及暴力风险等关键任务。当前，本学科研究呈现出跨学科融合的趋势。一方面，神经影像学、人工智能、大数据等新兴技术被引入鉴定实践，为精神状态评估提供了更客观的生物学指标与数据分析工具，推动了鉴定模式从依赖主观经验向客观量化转变。另一方面，研究范畴已从传统的刑事责任能力评定向精神损伤机制分析、暴力风险评估及特殊群体权益保护等多个前沿领域拓展。然而，学科的快速发展亦面临严峻挑战：鉴定精神检查方法仍高度依赖主观经验，缺乏客观生物学指标；刑事责任能力的评定标准需进一步融合医学与法学视角；新兴技术的应用也带来了数据隐私、算法偏见等伦理与法律问题。未来，法医精神病学应聚焦于鉴定技术的客观化与精准化，构建多模态数据与人工智能融合的综合鉴定体系，深化行为能力评定的科学基础，加强伦理规范与标准化建设，以推动法医精神病学学科建设的跨越式发展。

关键词: 法医精神病学, 人工智能, 多模态, 标准化, 综述

Abstract:

As an interdisciplinary field of psychiatry and law, forensic psychiatry undertakes key tasks such as the assessment of criminal responsibility, mental injury and violence risk. At present, research on this subject presents a trend of interdisciplinary integration. On the one hand, emerging technologies such as neuroimaging, artificial intelligence and big data have been introduced into forensic identification practice, providing more objective biological indicators and data analysis tools for mental state assessment, and promoting the transformation of assessment models from reliance on subjective experience to objective quantification. On the other hand, the research scope has expanded from the traditional assessment of criminal responsibility to multiple frontier fields, such as analysis of mental injury mechanism, violence risk assessment and the protection of the rights and interests of special groups. However, the rapid development of the discipline also faces severe challenges. The methods of psychiatric examination still rely heavily on subjective experience and lack objective biological indicators. The assessment standard of criminal responsibility requires further integration of the medical and legal perspectives. The application of emerging technologies raises ethical and legal issues such as data privacy and algorithm bias. In the future, forensic psychiatry should focus on the objectivity and precision of examination techniques, building a comprehensive assessment system that integrates multimodal data and artificial intelligence, strengthening the scientific foundations of behavioral capacity evaluations, and improving ethical norms and standardization construction, so as to promote leapfrog development in forensic psychiatry.

Key words: forensic psychiatry, artificial intelligence, multimodality, standardization, review

中图分类号:

赵虎. 法医精神病学的研究现状与挑战[J]. 法医学杂志, 2025, 41(6): 531-536.

Hu ZHAO. Current Status and Challenges of Forensic Psychiatry Research[J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2025, 41(6): 531-536.

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